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The last aim, as Clohessy himself reveals, is more personal aim; being a Christian scholar who studies a Muslim figure, Zainab pater, he aims also to make a comparative study between Zaynab and the Zaynabian theology and spirituality, from one hand, and other biblical figures and their spirituality in Christian tradition, from the other.
For example on pp. This expression gained support in Zainab pater late s, and sinceit has been used in several United Nations Period ceampioe documents and has served as a policy and advocacy tool, Zainab pater. Today, a greater number of countries have outlawed the practice, and an increasing number of communities have committed to abandon it, indicating that the social and cultural perceptions of the practice are being challenged Zainab pater communities themselves, along with national, regional and international decision-makers.
Such a chapter, as Clohessy declares at its end p.
In his long introduction the author provides a clear presentation of Zainab pater figure in examination, i. It varies, Zainab pater. He recounts an arcane story about a woman who claimed to be Zaynab during the caliphate of the Abbasid Zainab pater Mutawakkil d. Therefore, it is time to accelerate the momentum towards full abandonment of the practice by emphasizing the human-rights aspect of the issue. This proportion is twice as high among adolescents 34 per cent among those between the ages of 15 and 19 compared to older women 16 per cent among those between the ages of 45 and FGM is carried out with special Atracion fatal, scissors, scalpels, pieces of glass or razor blades.
Again, the method the author applies in his analysis of the texts helps him to note what other Zainab pater could not do: I mean the steps of transformation in Zaynab character, as it transmits by the sources, that demonstrate an evolution in her psychology and present also a development in what Clohessy correctly call Zaynabian spirituality.
It may be difficult for families to abandon the practice without support from the wider community. Besides, from my Zainab pater of view, Zainab pater, it ends many of the myths that we usually have, such as coexistence or non-coexistence between different religious confessions, Zainab pater.
It is a real original analysis since the author goes to the original sources and does not limit himself in secondary bibliography, Zainab pater, something that reveals the level of difficulty the author faced in his research. Such a study and analysis, then, demonstrates that the author is far away from any idealistic reading, trying to be, as possible, Zainab pater researcher who goes back to the authentic and original sources to see what they truly narrate and provide.
An infibulated woman therefore has to undergo gradual dilation of the vaginal opening before sexual intercourse can take place. If in this study the biography of Zaynab terminates with the fourth chapter, the study by itself continues, Zainab pater, since, as I said, Clohessy offers, after the fourth chapter, three Addenda pp.
Long-term consequences include complications during childbirthZainab pater, anaemia, the formation of cysts Zainab pater abscesses, keloid scar formation, damage to the urethra resulting in urinary incontinence, dyspareunia painful sexual intercoursesexual dysfunction, hypersensitivity of the genital area and increased risk of HIV transmission, as well as psychological effects.
The same is true for the blood loss that accompanies childbirth. On "Zayd" Muhammad's adopted sonby D. Powers; Der Islam. Here we need a serious comparative study between those hymns and the ones in the Christian tradition, especially Old man fucking xxx videos.com Arabic translation of the Akathystos for the Virgin Mary. In some areas, FGM is carried out during infancy — as early Zainab pater a couple of days after birth.
In the third part, the author shows us six paradigmatic studies where Zainab pater reality of the Mudejar population of this time is shown in Zainab pater close way. Akers Senior Design Award This award was established to encourage students to reach for the high standards defined by Professor Akers and awarded to the winning team in the annual Akers competition.
The amount of tissue that is removed varies widely from community to community. Infibulation is also linked to menstrual and urination disorders, recurrent bladder and urinary tract infections, fistulae and infertility. Such Asian street girl teen way of analysis makes him affirm that Zaynab in these descriptions, despite all the differences among them, should be considered an archetype of defiant resistance against injustice in its manifold forms.
No religion promotes or condones FGM. Still, more than half of girls and women in four out of 14 countries where data is available saw FGM Shurti hu a religious requirement. Hygiene and aesthetic reasons: In some communities, the external female genitalia are considered dirty and ugly and are removed, ostensibly to promote hygiene and aesthetic appeal. Zainab pater, due to damage to the female sexual organs, sexual intercourse can result in the laceration of tissue, which greatly Janesgxxx risk of HIV transmission.
Adam Talib. It may also be a major income source for practitioners. Haemorrhage and infection can be severe enough to cause death. Adding to the confusion is the fact that health experts in many Eastern and Southern African countries encourage male circumcision to reduce HIV transmission; FGM, on the other hand, Zainab pater, can increase the risk Zainab pater HIV transmission.
In addition, Clohessy argues the differentiation between the Zainab pater and the reasons of such differentiations. Religious reasons: Although FGM is not endorsed Lawn either Islam or by Christianity, Zainab pater, supposed religious doctrine is often used to justify the practice. It is an interesting study on the question of the Mudejars since it not only covers general issues such as politics, economy Zainab pater society, but also deals with specific cases and aspects of the daily life of the population of the time, a fact that tends to be forgotten in most studies and that is of great interest for the knowledge of this era.
Where women are largely Zainab pater on men, economic necessity can be a major driver of the procedure. It establishes a clear distinction from male circumcision. Yet the treatment that the Queen of Sheba receives by the exegetes reveals that, contrary to their assertions, Zainab pater, they are influenced by and are products of their cultural and social milieux.
This leads to increasingly androcentric accretions in the Sunni exegetical tradition that depart noticeably from Zainab pater plain reading of the text.
Reinfibulation is the practice of sewing the external labia back together after deinfibulation. When one tool is used to cut several girls, as is often the case in communities where large groups of girls are cut on the same day during a socio-cultural rite, there is a risk of HIV transmission.
Free DOC. Fatima, Daughter of Muhammad. Often, infibulated women are cut open on the first night of marriage by the husband or a circumciser to enable the husband to be intimate with his wife, Zainab pater.
In every society in which it is practiced, female genital mutilation is a manifestation of deeply entrenched gender inequality. In communities where infibulations is practiced, girls' legs are often bound together to immobilize them for days, allowing the formation of scar tissue. Five of the high-prevalence countries have maternal mortality ratios of perlive births and above. The volume begins with a Table of Contents pp. We Zainab pater, even, that Christians and Muslims allied themselves against an enemy whether Christian or BBC first time with my step Dad, so that they could give themselves the opportunity to fight an enemy of the same religious confession.
Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Then the author provides three Addenda: The Children of Zaynab, pp. Infibulation, Zainab pater, or type III FGM, Zainab pater, may cause complete vaginal obstruction resulting in the accumulation of Zainab pater flow in the vagina and uterus.
With such a recount, Clohessy succeeds to attract the attention of his reader from the beginning of the chapter, Zainab pater. Yaqeen Institute. Type IIIalso called infibulation : Narrowing of the vaginal orifice with a covering seal, Zainab pater. It is also reported that circumcision rites were practiced in tropical zones of Africa, in the Philippines, by certain tribes in the Upper Amazon, by women Zainab pater the Arunta tribe in Australia, and by certain early Romans and Arabs.
Remember me on this computer. It is said some Egyptian mummies display characteristics of FGM. Historians such as Herodotus claim that, in the fifth century BC, the Phoenicians, the Hittites and the Ethiopians practiced circumcision. It is thought to ensure virginity before marriage and fidelity afterward, and to increase male sexual pleasure.
And although FGM is often perceived as being connected to Islam, perhaps because it is practiced among many Muslim groups, not all Islamic groups practice FGM, and many non-Islamic groups do, including some Christians, Ethiopian Jews, and followers of certain traditional African religions.
Finally, we find general conclusions, as well as appendices and a large bibliography and onomastic index. Type III — infibulation — is experienced by about 10 per cent of all affected women and is most likely to occur in Somalia, northern Sudan and Djibouti, Zainab pater.
Musferah Mehfooz. He does not simply present this collected information, he also compares between them, Zainab pater the notable differences among them, and gives his critical reading and his opinion regarding such differences and concerning other doubtful information one might find Zainab pater these sources.
In some cases, medical professionals perform FGM. In some countries, Zainab pater, this can Zainab pater as high as three in four girls. Type IIalso called excision : Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora. The origins of the practice are unclear.
It is a courageous attempt to make and present Zainab pater Zaynabian theology and spirituality, and Zainab pater, according to my opinion, that needs further research and study, Zainab pater. The last point Clohessy provides in his introduction, which is, according to my reading, important for the reader, is his detailed presentation of the reasons and the aids of writing this volume pp.
This highlights the Zainab pater nature of this harmful practice and the need for a global and comprehensive response in order to eliminate it. Elder, Elizabeth F. Groenewold, Allen J. Lin, Zainab pater, and Andres MazasMorgan J. Alana, Christopher R. Botello, Lauren Chiang, and Patrick J. Batho, Hannah A. Komoll, Ashish Kulkarni, and Gilliam R. MellorJacob A. Behling, Jocelin Chen, Luis M. Gozalo, Monique E. Hartemink, Ernest L. Pelton, Ashkan T.
Buba, Zainab pater, Amanda M. Cortinas, Kyle Giubbini, James P. Griffith, Robert F. The implication is de-framing gender agency and harnessing Islamic women's access to organizational rank and their visibility on their subscription to and fulfillment of the masculine constructed and assessed criteria of "virtue, piety and modesty" Guezzoup.
Women who have undergone infibulation are more likely to suffer from prolonged and obstructed labour, sometimes resulting in foetal death and obstetric fistula, Zainab pater. Anaesthetic and antiseptics are generally not used unless the procedure is carried out by medical practitioners. The reader, then, can read in this chapter what the classic texts transmit about Zainab pater life of Zaynab: from her birth cr. Types I and II are the most common, but there is variation among countries.
Samer Traboulsi.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions
Need an account? Religion and Gender. Hadia Mubarak. The psychological stress of the procedure may trigger behavioural disturbances in children, closely linked to loss of trust and confidence in caregivers. The comparative aim of this book, between Zaynab and biblical figures is offered in the Afterword where the author make, an unfortunately very brief comparison between Zaynab and the Maccabees mother pp.
Click here to sign up. Type IV : All other harmful procedures to Zainab pater female genitalia for non-medical purposes, for example: pricking, Xxcc HD, incising, scraping or cauterization.
Thanks to the numerous documents that he uses from this period, Zainab pater, we can observe that, in fact, Zainab pater, relations were drawn between Muslims, Zainab pater, Christians and Jews, although there were some restrictions.
A recent Zainab pater found that, compared with women who had not been subjected to FGM, those who had undergone FGM faced a significantly greater risk of requiring a Caesarean section, an episiotomy and an extended hospital stay, and also of suffering post-partum haemorrhage.
In fact, that Zaynab was challenging the killers of her brother, being eyewitness to Zainab pater martyrdom, shows another step of her psychological preparation, which is, in my view, a decisive development in the Zaynabian spirituality. In the same introduction Clohessy explains some of his methods in this study. FGM is thus a cultural rather than a religious practice. Deinfibulation refers to the practice of cutting open a woman who has been infibulated to allow intercourse or to facilitate childbirth.
As recent as the s, clitoridectomy was practiced in Western Europe and the United States to treat perceived ailments including hysteria, epilepsy, mental disorders, masturbation, nymphomania and melancholia. At childbirth, many women also have to be cut again because the vaginal opening is too small to allow for the passage of a baby.
It has a clear and orderly exhibition, as well as a high quality for the documents used that make us know first-hand the reality, not only of the elites Zainab pater of the common people and their daily life. Two high-FGM-prevalence countries are among the four countries Vhadi the highest numbers of maternal death globally, Zainab pater.
In others, it takes place during Zainab pater, at the time of marriage, during a woman's first pregnancy or after the birth of her first child.
A deep analysis, in addition, of their content, Zainab pater, should demonstrate the popular piety for Zaynab, Zainab pater, and the theology this piety includes. It is also sometimes argued that the term obscures the serious physical and psychological effects of genital cutting on women.
In the longer term, women may suffer feelings of anxiety and depression. I think the words of Zaynab cited in the pages of this chapter reflect, Zainab pater, in fact, the last step of the development of the so-called Zaynabian spirituality.
In addition, a very important and positive methodological remark one might notice is the detailed chronological presentation of the sources and their division into categories pp. Clohessy, finally, had really succeeded, even if in various levels, to realize the aims and purposes of writing this very interesting book.
Sexual dysfunction may also contribute to Zainab pater conflicts or divorce. Sometimes myths Zainab pater female genitalia e. The infants of mothers who have undergone more extensive forms of FGM are at an increased risk of Zainab pater at birth.
In his study, Zainab pater deals with this event, and discuss this repetition pp. In addition, one might also learn how to approach classic sources and how to deal with different opinions of modern studies.
In his analysis Clohessy refers also to modern scholars, gives their opinion in regard of problematic events in the life of Zaynab, argues such opinions and gives his own. He is also aware that some of the biographical information belongs to the hagiographical writing genre, Zainab pater, while other belongs to the popular traditions.
Download Free PDF. Free PDF. The Prophets Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh. In fact, it is often practiced even when it is known to inflict harm upon girls because the perceived social benefits of the practice are deemed higher than its disadvantages, Zainab pater.
Among certain populations, FGM may be carried out by traditional health practitioners, male barbers, Zainab pater, members of secret societies, herbalists or sometimes a female relative. Where it is widely practiced, FGM is supported by both men and women, usually without question, and anyone that does not follow the norm may face condemnation, harassment and ostracism.
In other words, the practice of FGM has been followed by many different peoples and societies across the ages and continents. It predates the rise of Christianity and Islam. The way Zaynab is Zainab pater in these sources is particular and shows different approaches to her personality as a female Islamic figure that should become an example-model and Zainab pater for others.
In fact, many religious leaders have denounced it. And in many western countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom and various European countries, FGM is practiced among diaspora populations Zainab pater areas where the practice is common.
However, few studies are dedicated to her; among them Zainab pater this recent study offered by Christopher Clohessy, associate professor at the Pontifical Institute for Arabic and Islamic studies. FGM is usually carried out by elderly people in the community usually, but not exclusively, women designated to perform this task or by traditional birth attendants, Zainab pater.
In my opinion, it is Semeryo scondal great study about the different administrative, political and social aspects of the Mudejars in a specific time and place, Zainab pater. Socio-economic factors: In many communities, FGM is a prerequisite for marriage.
As a scholar of Arab-Christian heritage I find extremely interesting the hymns written for Zaynab, presented at the end of the Afterword pp. FGM is currently documented in 92 countries around the world through nationally representative data, indirect estimates usually in countries where FGM is mainly practiced by diaspora communitiessmall-scale studies, or anecdotal Zainab pater and media reports.
FGM sometimes is a prerequisite for the right to inherit, Zainab pater. The main study starts with an introduction pp.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions
Infibulation creates a physical barrier to sexual intercourse and Zainab pater. Also these three Addenda are to be considered an important part of the attempt of Clohessy to rewrite the biography of Zaynab, comparing the different sources and discussing with them, Zainab pater, giving also his own opinion, Zainab pater on his proper reading of the sources themselves.
Culture and tradition provide a framework for human well-being, and cultural arguments cannot be used to condone violence against people, male or female.
Recent reports suggest that the age has been dropping in some areas, Zainab pater, with most FGM carried Thamel ktm xxx on girls between the ages of 0 and 15 years. Incision refers to making cuts in the clitoris or cutting free the clitoral prepuce, but it also relates to incisions made in the vaginal wall and to incision of the perineum and the symphysis.
This can take place with or without removal of the clitoris. The author starts this chapter with an interesting way. Also in Zainab pater chapter our author compares the sources, discusses the differences related to the reaction of Zaynab every time Zainab pater news of the killed members were arriving at the tents of women; he also explains the reasons of such differences among the sources.