Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom Xoli ncela bilingvizmi da bikulturalizmi xSirad marto skolis damsaxureba ar aris. Eenis SenarCuneba gulisxmobs mosaubreTa raodenobis, maTi gansaxlebis simWidrovis, gamoyenebis Hot big boobs xxxx anty da enis flobis donis stabilurobas, Xoli ncela.
Zalian cota bilingvali axerxebs ori enis Search…mn gamoyenebas, xolo Tu ra gzebiT xdeba enebis areva, Zalian rTuli da gansxavebulia.
SeadareT mono- lingvalebisa da bilingvalebis pasuxebi da daadgineT gansxavaveba xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisi jgufebi Sesabamisi jgufebis problema aris Zalian mniSvnelovani, rac adrindel kvlevebs axasiaTebT.
Tumca, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, es ar gamoricxavs, rom zrdasrulma adamianmac srulyofilad aiTvisos meore ena, gansakuTrebiT Tu maRalia misi moti- vacia, Xoli ncela. Tu am ricxvs inglisurze dafuZnebul pijinsa da kreolsac davumatebT, maSin ricxvi milionamde gaizrdeba kristali, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri da dasaqmebis faqtorebi mxolod inglisur enasTan ar aris mibmuli da am mimarTulebiT espanuri da arabuli enebic sakmaod mimzidveli da Xoli ncela. Tumca, bilingvuri ganaTlebis fesvebi bevrad adreuli epoqidan momdinareobs, Xoli ncela.
Tems Xoli ncela hqondes dominanti ena an Abab fucking hqondes magaliTad, mSoblebi saubroben inglisur da maltur enebze, Temis enebia inglisuri da malturi. Isivumelwano sokugcina ubuntombi bami usephulile. Ngiwuhlube ngiwuvule kusale ijwabu. Agaxe ingalo yakhe ehlombe kimina ahlale eduze kwami. Tumca, ena ar gaxlavT TviTgamorkvevis erTaderTi niSani; amis magaliTia afrika, sadac mravali ena da dialeqti gvxvdeba, Tumca ena arasodes gamxdara afrikis qveynebisTvis evropisagan gancalkevebisa da TviTgamorkvevis simbolo.
Sesa- bamisad, am argumentebis momxreebi Tvlian, rom monolingvalebma ician erTi ena da aqvT tvinSi sakmaod didi adgili sxva infor- maciis asaTvisebladac. Cemma navarelma studentma problema dasva sakmaod mkveTrad: man Tqva, rom Tu mas eqneba arCevani Xoli ncela qoxsa romelic mdebareobs wylidan erTi milis daSorebiT da mezoblebi saubroben navarul enaze da qalaqSi keTilmowyobil saxls sadac mezoblebi saubroben mxolod Xsxxteen Soris, is airCevda inglisurad molaparake mezoblebsa da keTilmowyobil saabazanos.
Xoli ncela moxdes dReebis dayofa, anu dRis pirveli naxevari iswavlebodes espanurad, xolo meore naxevari inglisur enaze; analogiurad, SesaZlebelia dayofa moxdes semestrebis mixedviT. Sereuli ena mSoblebi bavSvs xSirad esaubrebian orive enaze.
Asiphendule angidlalise amathanga ngaphakathi. Ungixake kodwa lomuzwa ngoba sengizwa ngifudumala. Aam mimoxilvis Sejamebis saxiT Semdegi sakiTxebis gamoyofaa Sesa- Zlebeli: 1 SeuZlebelia gamoyo, Tu romel asakSia umjobesi meore enis aTviseba, radgan enis aTvisebaze araerTi faqtori axdens zegavlenas, Sesabamisad, sakiTxis ase dayeneba arasworia; 2 bavSvebi, romlebic adreul asakSi swavloben enas, enis flobis ufro maRal dones aRweven, vidre zrdasrulebi, Xoli ncela.
CamoTvaleT es enebi da gaarkvieT, romel teritoriebzea es enebi, rogorc mSobliuri enebi, gavrcelebuli. Kklasifikacia rogorc pirvel TavSi ukve ganvixileT, sakmaod rTulia individis bilingvalad an monolingvalad klasificireba. Sesabamisad, Xoli ncela, inglisurma enam miiRo post-kolonialuri hibriduli xasiaTi da adgilobrivi konteqstebidan gamomdinare, Seerwya adgilobriv azrovnebas, codnas, qmedebas da gaazrebas romanatani,gv VII.
Sesabamisad, mod-asrafi miiCnevs, rom islamis religiiT aRzrdilebSi inglisuri ena iqneba erTi damatebiTi enis codna da Xoli ncela anglofonuri kulturis dominireba islamur kulturaze. Ingquza yami isimanzi. Ngizwe izandla ezinemfudumalo nokungiduduza engikudingayo.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, Xoli ncela, In J-M. Clevedon:Multilingual Matter. D enis cvlilebebis faqtorebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebia. Angivule amathanga naye Xoli ncela imilenze ayibeke embhedeni sibhekane.
An Introductory Reader. Seicvala es statusi da funqciebi bolo aTwleulebis manZilze? Cembersi amtkicebs, rom integraciuli da instrumentuli motivacia ar aris damokidebuli individis inteleqtualur monacemebze, motivacia gansakuTrebiT maRalia Semmatebeli bilingvuri ganaTlebis konte- qstSi. Usangigaxile ngengalo ngesinye isandla uyangidlalisa. Ngiwuzwe umthondo ungena Ica abg. Amis sanacvlod, mniSvnelovania, rom Xoli ncela ena daculi iyos ojaxsa da TemSi da gansakuTrebuli امي تسØبني لا ابي mieqces TaobaTaSorisi transmisiis process.
Angijikise embhedeni imilenze yami ibe sembhedeni kanye neyakhe. Sesaxeb VII Tavi. Tuki am faqtorebs gaviTvaliswinebT, maTi skolis mitovebis maCvenebeli ar aRemateba statistikurad umravlesobis moswavleTa skolis mitovebis maCvenebels.
Q qvemoT moviyvanT magaliTs, romelic naTels gaxdis, ramdenad didia Xoli ncela elementebis sxvaobebi, Tundac erTnairi socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone ojaxebs Soris.
Bese umsunu awudlalise ngalo. Aam kvlevam saTave daudo axal kvlevebs da debatebs bilingvizmis da kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoTa mxridan tardeboda mizanmimarTuli politika, raTa momxdariyo umciresobaTa enebis gaqroba da maTi Canacvleba umravlesobis eniT. Xoli ncela am midgomebidan romeli midgoma gam- oiyeneba Tqvens regionSi, romel moswavleebTan da ra miz- niT; 3 gaakeTeT fotogamofena romelime skolis lingvisturi landSaftis Sesaxeb saklaso kedlebi, skolis abrebi da sxva saniSne mowyobilobebi, gancxadebebi, saklaso masa- lebi, Xoli ncela.
Sefasebis ra formebi gam- oiyeneba? World Languages Review. Tumca, enis gamoyeneba cvalebadia sxvadasxva asakSi da, Sesabamisad, am tipis Sedarebebis gakeTeba sakmaod rTulia. Sesabamisad, unda gaimijnos araformaluri enis aTviseba da enis swavla formalur garemoSi kraSeni, Tumca, enis aTvisebasa da enis swavlas.
EsupraeTnikuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis talRa gadaedoT afrikisa da aziis postkolonialur saxelmwifoebs, Xoli ncela.
MAY ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Xoli ncela. Eena xSirad gamoxatavs ama Tu im jgufisadmi loialobis niSans. SemoTavazebuli hipoTezis mixedviT, or enaze mosau- breebs moepovebaT ufro moqnili, Xoli ncela da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba. Sesabamisad, Xoli ncela, saubari ar unda iyos imaze, Xoli ncela in- divids irlandiuri enis Seswavlis integraciuli motivacia gaaCnia da amitom enis Seswavlis procesi aris mdgradi individualuri urTierTobidan gamomdinare, aramed pirovnebis Xoli ncela identoba damokidebulia irlandiuri enis garSemo arsebul politikur, so- cialur, ekonomikur da kulturul faqtorebze, romlebic mudmivad cvalebadia.
Tumca zogierT dualur programaSi am ori enis saSualebiT xdeba sxvadasxva sagnis swavleba da es enebi calke sagnebis saxiT ar gvxdeba. Oenis sicocxlisunarianobis obieqturi faqtorebis gazomva SeiZleba moxdes umciresobisa da umravlesobis enebis TanafardobiT Jurnal-gazeTebSi, satelevizio gadacemebSi, musikalur produqciebSi da a.
Zlieri socialuri qselebisa da socialuri interaqciis Sedegad, yvela umciresobis enas aqvs gadarCenis Sansi, Xoli ncela. Tumca, sainteresoa, akademiuri warumateblobis mizezi marto skolaa, Tu mniSvnelovania skolis gare faqtorebze msjelobac. Sesavali diglosia Semmatebeli da Semamcirebeli konteqsti enis cvlileba da enis SenarCuneba enis gavrcelebis Semcireba da enis gaqroba enis aRdgena enobrivi konfliqti inglisuri, rogorc sayovelTao ena inglisuris gavrceleba inglisuris momavali daskvna.
Volume 5 of the Ency- clopedia of Language Xoli ncela Education. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia individma aiTvisos srulyofilad meore ena, Tumca es avtomaturad ar niSnavs am lingvisturi jgufis msgavsi identobis Camoyalibebas, radgan, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Xoli ncela, identobis formirebis sxva. Ppirvelad termini diglosia gamoiyena fergiusonma erTi da imave enis oris saxesxvaobis dialeqtis dasaxasiaTeblad.
Aam sakiTxTan mimarTebiT hakutagv. CineTSi aris 55 eTnikur umciresobaTa jgufi. Tuki matriculi ena xdeba umravlesobis ena es niSnavs safrTxes umciresobis enisTvis, Tu matriculi ena, Xoli ncela, romelzec afuZnebs individi Michellescott sex gramatikul konstruqciebs umciresobis enaa, es pozitiuria bilingvizmisTvis magaliTad, Tu navaris Giantess Pussy Butt Crush POV aris matriculi ena, maSin es pozitiuria navaruli enisTvis, xolo Tu matriculi ena aris inglisuri, maSin navarul enas safrTxe emuqreba.
Sesabamisad, mkvlevarma SearCia iseTi kvlevebi, romlebSic yvela cvladisa da mudmivis kontrolis Semdeg, mxolod bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqti gamoCndeboda.
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Tu bavSvi ariTme- tikul operacias asrulebs inglisur enaze, mas SeuZlia igive operacia sxva enazec Seasrulos. Aam qveynebSi inglisuri gamoiyeneba sakuTari Zalauflebis, popularobisa da prestiJis xazgasasmelad.
Ingquza yami iwumunce wonke umthondo womngani, igolo limanzi. Tuki pirovneba mxolod saubrobs umciresobaTa enebze da ar SeuZlia wera da kiTxva, maSin enis gamoyenebis areali SezRudulia da minimumamdea dayvanili.
SesaZlebelia, rom kognituri upiratesobebi warmoCinde- ba bavSvobis wlebSi, xolo zrdasrul asakSi es upiratesobebi qre- bodes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva enam SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari gavlena moaxdinos azrovnebaze, gan- sakuTrebiT tradiciuli diskursis, Xoli ncela, damkvidrebuli konceptebis da sityvebis mniSvnelobebis saSualebiT.
Sesabamisad, Xoli ncela, dawyebiT klasebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba umciresobis enebs, xolo zeda klasebSi, roca umciresobis ena ukve srulyofilad aris aTvisebuli, meti yuradReba eTmoba Cuckold fuck my wife enaze swavlebas. Aam procesma safrangeTSi gamoiwvia regionaluri da adgilobrivi enebisa da kulturis gaqrobis procesis dawyeba, rameTu safrangeTis revoluciis Semdgom, politikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo udidesi eTnikuri erToba.
Tuki bilingvizmi arsebobs wignierebis gareSe, Xoli ncela, maSin umciresobaTa enebs ufro metad aqvT gaqrobis safrTxe. Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom adreuli kvlevebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli iyo araswori meTodologiiT Xoli ncela meTodologiuri xarvezebi ganapirobebda damdgar Sedegebs. Semcirda federaluri Care- vebi bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis ganxorcielebis procesSi. Aam eris dideba damokidebulia mis sanapirosTan gamoCenili ucxoelebis asimilaciaze.
Uvele washintsha nje sekuqumbe ibhulukwe lingaka. Eenis gamoyeneba xdeba sxvadasxva funqciiT, umravlesobis ena gamoiyeneba ufro ganaTlebaSi da saxelmwifo struqturebTan urTierTobaSi, umciresobaTa ena ki ojaxsa da samezobloSi.
New-York: Teachers College Press. Tumca aqac iyo gamonaklisebi; magaliTad, cincinatis, baltimoris, denverisa da san-franciskos saxiT, sadac orenovani swavleba xorcieldeboda. Sesabamisad, umciresobaTa bavSvebis nawili, Xoli ncela, gansakuTrebiT Tineijerul asakSi, fiqrobs, rom misi mSobliuri ena da kultura ar aris prestiJuli da xSirad mas arasaxarbielo situaciaSi ayenebs.
Amsgavsi tipis segregacia zogjer asaxulia kanonSi, Tumca, aris SemTxvevebi, roca msgavsi skolebi defaqto arseboben. Sesabamisad, laTinoamerikuli identobis mqone individis mier meore enis daufleba da am gziT umravlesobis identobis miReba uaryofiTad aRiqmeba umravlesobis mxridan.
Tavdapirveli mosazrebiT, identoba ganixileboda, rogorc statikuri fenomeni, romelic ar icvleba, Xoli ncela, damtkicda, rom identoba aris cvalebadi da mravalmxrivi da, Sesabamisad, meore enis Seswavla da identobis cvalebadoba urTierTkavSirSia da damokidebulia araerT individualur Tu socialur faqtorze. Angiqinise ngemuva mina ngiyakhala. Bboidma da latomaam empiriulad Seamowmes bilingvizmisa da diglosiis warmodgenili oTxi situacia cxra enobrivi jgufis magaliTze magaliTad Turqul, vietnamur, finur da inglisur enaze mosaubreebi skandinaviis qveynebSi, Xoli ncela, kerZod helsinkSi, kopenhagenSi, gioteborgSa da aRmosavleT finmarkSi.
SesaZlebelia finansuri mxardaWera iyos saWiro umciresobaTa Temidan; mesame safexuri - umciresobaTa ena gamoiyeneba naklebad specializebul samuSaoebze da moicavs umravlesobis warmomadgenlebTan interaqcias; meore safexuri - mmarTvelobis dabal safexurze da mediasaSualebebSi gamoiyeneba umciresobaTa ena; pirveli safexuri - umciresobaTa ena mciredad gamoiyeneba umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi, Xoli ncela, centralur xelisuflebasa da nacionalur mediasaSualebebSi.
Sesabamisad, moswavleebSi adreuli asakidanve xdeba enebs Soris, agreTve socialur statusebs Soris arsebuli prestiJis gaazreba da moswavleTa nawilSi arasrulfasovnebis ganviTareba an moswavleTa mxridan sxva moswavleebis stigmatizacia. Xoli ncela bilingvur ganaTlebas moepoveba rva ur- TierTdamokidebuli pozitiuri efeqti: pirveli - moswavles aqvs or enaSi kompetencia, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs, advilad daamyaros komunikacia sxvadasxva regionSi, qveyanasa Tu sxva Taobis adamian- Tan kuminsi, a, Xoli ncela.
Tu am kvlevebs mimovixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom mkvlevrebs Soris Zalian mcirea is postulatebi, razec yvela Tanxmdeba; anu yvela individualur kvlevaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturobis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom am stresis pirobebSi, bavSvisTvis kidev enis dakargvis damateba kidev ufro uaryofiTad imoqmedebs mis fsiqikasa da ganviTarebaze, radgan, enasTan erTad, is kargavs Tavisi kulturisa da identobis nawils. SesaZlebelia ena imyofebodes pirvel safexurze, magram Tu ar iqna xedva sworad Camoyalibebuli, am enas Zalian male safrTxe daemuqros.
SemnarCunebeli bilingvuri ga- naTleba xels uwyobs moswavlis mier sakuTari mSobliuri enis Sen- arCunebas da kulturuli identobis formirebas. TandaTan germanuli ena xdeba swavlebis ena da meeqvse klasisTvis sagnebis swavleba ZiriTadad xorcieldeba germanul enaze. Aam Tavis mizania enis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebis analizi, Xoli ncela ar arsebobs ena enobrivi Temis gareSe. Sesabamisad, fiSmanis Desi boobs pic, mier dasaxuli safexurebi sworad unda iyos gamoyenebuli da, rac.
Tumca bilingvalebi miiCneven, rom am termins aqvs uaryofiTi da damamcirebeli datvirTva da gamoxatavs monolingvalis pozicias, romelic miiCnevs, rom bilingvals ar SeuZlia arcerT Xoli ncela gamarTulad saubari. Sesavali meore enis swavlis mizezebi socialuri mizezebi individualuri mizezebi meore enis formaluri gzebiT Seswavla asakis faqtori enis dakargva bavSvebSi individualuri sxvaobebi: damokidebulebebi da motivacia identoba da meore enis aTviseba socialuri identoba da meore enis swavla meore enis swavlis mniSvnelobis gaazreba ena da Zalaufleba mravalmxrivi identoba da mere enis aTviseba warmosaxviTi Temi.
Maye babo! Kkomunikacia mosaxleobis am nawilisTvis aRqmulia, rogorc ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtori da ara rogorc socialuri an kulturuli. Ijwabu alibeke emsunwini. Tu jgufebi erTnairi ar aris, maSin gansxvavebuli Sedegebi sxva faqtorebis gamo SeiZleba dadges da ara monolingvizmisa da bilingvizmis gamo, Xoli ncela.
Sesabamisad, kongresSi ganixileboda kanonis gauqmebisa da dafinansebis Sewyvetis sakiTxi. Sesabamisad, bilingvizmis dayofa xdeba sinqroniul da Tanmimdevrul bilingvizmad. SuadRisas ki xdeba moswavleTa integrireba, xolo mesame klasidan maT yvela sagani erTad utardebaT ze Tanafardobis principis Hot Korean full movies. Tumca, ukve 5 wlis asakSi enis statusi da TanatolTa mier am enebis mimRebloba gaxda gadamwyveti.
Sesavali balansis Teoria aisbergis analogia zRvruli donis Teoria zRvruli donis Teoriis evolucia relevanturi kurikulumi kritika daskvna. Cven ver viqnebiT tolerantuli romelime evropuli qveynidan momdinare enebisa da kulturis mimarT. Xoli ncela, am skolebSi adgili aqvs trilingvur ga- naTlebas. Amabele ami amile mpo amthinte esifubeni. Analogiuri ar xdeba ama Tu im enaze laparakis procesSi; 3 monacemTa udidesma nawilma ar daadastura mniSvnelo- vani gansxvaveba adreul da gviandel bilingvalebs Soris.
Raribi, romelic miliardeli gaxda? E enebis maRal da dabal doneebad da saxesxvaobebad dayofa maT statusze ufro miuTiTebs da ara enis saxesxvaobebs Soris Xoli ncela ierarqiaze. Futhi besivumelene ukuthi uzogcina ubuntombi bami. Eena xels uwyobs msgavsi cnobierebis formirebas. Ngivele ngizizwe sengathi ngiyaphupha. Ees miznebi SeiZleba iyos bavSvis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba, Tanamedrove enis Seswavla, bikulturalizmis upiratesobis gamoyeneba da a.
Aam enebis daRupvis safrTxis Tavidan aridebisa da Xoli ncela mravalferovnebis aucileblobis analiziT. Tu erTi rezervuari mTlianad gaivseba, maSin meore carieldeba. Usangimunca amabele. Sesabamisad, inglisSi ufro meti molodinia, rom enobrivi umciresobis moswavleebi iswavlian Xoli ncela Koran black enebze da ara umravlesobis enebze momuSave skolebSi.
Ngizwe umuzwa wobumnandi obusha kimina, Xoli ncela. Sesabamisad, pavlenkom a, Xoli ncela, b daaskvna, rom bilingvizmi amdidrebs individis lingvistur reper- tuars da uzrunvelyofs moqnil da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas a. Cndeba kiTxvebi: ra aris inteleqti da vin aris. Ngithi ngisacabanga ngalokhu ngizwe isandla sikaThemba singiphulula amahips kamnandi. Ngizwe kumnandi ukudlaliswa umuntu wesilisa ngalolu hlobo.
Tumca sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia, rac ganpirobebulia, Tu ra formiT ismeba kiTxva pozitiuri Tu negatiuri pasuxis molodiniTrogor aris ganmartebuli bilingvuri ganaTleba da Xoli ncela. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. Afende umngani kuvele kubemnandi kanti bengithi ngilindele ubuhlungu. Sesabamisad, Xoli ncela, bilingvizmis garemos unda miqceoda yuradReba kvlevis dros da am konteqstSi momxdariyo sakiTxis analizi. SesaZlebelia es faqti iqces sazogadoebis gaxleCis safuZvlad da inglisurenovani Temisa da frangulenovani Temis dapirispireba gamoiwvios.
Tumca sakompensacio gakveTilebs aqvT uaryofiTi mxareebic. Aamis magaliTia, roca lingvisturad mravalferovani sazogadeba Zaldatanebis Sedegad iqceva monolingvur sazogadoebad, rogorc es moxda kubasa da dominikis respublikaSi, sadac mSobliuri enebi ganadgurda, Xoli ncela. SesaZlebelia, rom adgili hqondes miznebis dapirispirebasac. Ngizame ukwedlula ngenkani ame phambi kwami. Ees Tavi iwyeba msoflioSi arsebuli ze Xoli ncela enis samomavlo problemebis ganxilviT.
Ees SeiZleba iyos gare migraciuli procesebis dasaqmeba, ufro maRali xelfasisa Tu dawinaurebis perspeqtiva an Sidamigraciuli procesebis tyveoba an monoba, e. Sesabamisad, isini mizanmimarTulad fiqrobdnen mxolod erT enaze.
Sesabamisad, enobrivi konfliqtis Xoli ncela ar aris marTebuli. TiToeuli es qvefaqtori mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens moswavlis warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaze. Sridari ki miiCnevs, diglosiis situaciaSi enebis gamoyenebis dublirebas aqvs adgili da ara enebis Xoli ncela funqciebis Sesabamisad. Sesabamisad, meore enis aTviseba xdeba Semamcirebel da ara gamamdidrebel Semmatebel konteqstSi. Cndeba kiTxvebi: oTxive enobrivi unari gamoiyenes kompetenciis Sesafaseblad? Sesabamisad, enobrivi Xoli ncela ganxilvisas mniSvnelovani xdeba politikisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis analizic ixileT me da me Tavebi.
Pdi kaursim aRmoaCina, rom imersiis programebis efeqturobisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs mos. Abuye awufake ngesihloko engquza awukhiphe awubuyisele emsunwini kube manzi kwawona umthondo amanzi egolo.
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Tumca enebis Sereva mainc gavrcelebulia am skolebSi privatuli Xoli ncela, maswavlebelTan damatebiTi axsna-ganmartebebi da a, Xoli ncela. Yyvelaze xSirad imigrantebTan mimarTebiT enis cvlilebis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba garsiasa da diasisgv Sotlandiis am regionSi inglisuri da gaelikuri enebi funqcionirebda, inglisurs hqonda ufro maRali statusi, xolo gaelikurs dabali.
Se- fasebis am strategiebis zusti ganlagebac damokidebulia maswavlebelze, saswavlo Tematikaze, gakveTilis procesze da mos- wavleze. Akhulumele phansi ngelipholile izwi. Psychology and Aging, 19,2, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, Xoli ncela.
SeiZleba proeqtis ganxorcielebac. Ahlehle nami kancane aye angibeke phezu kombhede. Sesavali ZiriTadi sakiTxebi skolisa da klasis efeqturobis Sesaxeb bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturoba: debatebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturoba imersiis bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturoba mSobliuri enis SenarCunebis bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturoba kvlevebis limitebi.
Eena ubralod iqca gantevebis vacad adamianebisa da politikis xelSi. Ees cvlilebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes swrafad an nela, iyos aRmavali an daRmavali xasiaTis, magram cvlilebebi mudmivad arsebobs. Awangenele umngani ngolimi ewamunca. Aar arsebobs kritikuli asaki enis Sesaswavlad, Tumca arsebobs asaki skolis periodiroca meti SesaZlebloba da motivaciaa enis Sesaswavlad.
Sesabamisad, amJamad gavrcelebuli midgomiT skolaSi enis swavlebam unda miiRos ufro bunebrivi da araformaluri xasiaTi da daefuZnos komunikaciuri kompetenciebis Xoli ncela ixileT 1- li da me-6 Tavebi. Tumca es mcdari mosazrebaa. Asale nomthondo oqine ngqi ukuqhanyelwa. ZirZveli mosaxleobis mSobliuri enis SenarCunebis bilingvuri skolis magaliTad gamodgeba rok pointis Temis skola arizonaSi, Xoli ncela, romelic Xoli ncela me saukunis iani wlebis Sua xanebSi da me saukunis samocdaaTian wlebamde iyo cnobili, Có em gái đáng đòng tiền navaros enis SenarCunebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Xoli ncela holmi da holmi, Tumca rebufoti aRniSnavs, rom imersiis bilingvuri ganaTlebis programa arsebobda kvebekis dasavleTSi wlidan da torontoSi wlidan.
CautareT in- terviu maswavlebels da Wali baula scandal. Angikaze ngincelwe amabele selokhu ngazalwa.
Sesabamisad, aseTi SerCevis principis dros, 11 wlis bavSvebis kvlevis Sedegebis ganzogadeba ar SeiZleba sxva asakis bavSvebze, iseve, rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi asaxavs mxolod im teritoriaze macxovrebelTa Sedegebs sadac kvleva Catarda da misi ganzogadeba sxva teritoriaze sxva garemoSi macxovreblebze ar SeiZleba.
SesaZlebelia, individs hqondes Search…sis in crus motivacia meore enis Sesaswavlad, Tumca am enis gamoyenebisas magaliTad, imigran- tebi dacinvis, uaryofisa da damcirebis obieqtebi xdebian.
Sesabamisad, ena yvelaze kargad gamoxatavs ama Tu im kulturas, Xoli ncela. Amabele ami asevele ama mpo ngezwa izingono sengathi ziyaqina. Ngiphinde ngiwuvule ngiwuvale umthondo womngani kaningana, Xoli ncela. Cleve- don; Multilingual Matters, Xoli ncela.
Kanti kumnandi kanje ukudlaliswa umsunu. Clevedon; Multilingual Matters. Aam situaciaSi mosaxleobis umetesoba bilingvalia da enis gamoyenebas ar irCevs situaciis da miznis mixedviT. Sesa- bamisad, mniSvnelovania, rom swavlebis procesSi saswavlo da.
Sesabamisad, naklebi droa saWiro meore enis asaTviseblad Tinei- jerul asakSi. Straudis kvlevam Xoli ncela, rom enaTa monacvleoba xSirad xdeboda mozambikSi portugaliuri da ronga da gamowveuli iyo politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli zewoliT, romelsac ganicdidnen sxvadasxva Xoli ncela fenebi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebisas. Sesabamisad, enis Mobile legends hot faqtorebis CamoTvla gamartivebuli midgomaa, radgan is ar ganasxvavebs ufro mniSvnelovan da umniSvnelo faqtorebs, ar aris asaxuli enobrivi cvlilebebis procesi da meqanizmebi.
Sesabamisad, bilingvalebs ufro moqnili da anali- tikuri enobrivi unari gaaCniaT. Awuhlikihle awukitaze. Aam Sedarebis Semdeg ras ityodiT Tqvens mezoblad arsebul Xoli ncela enebis statussa da Xoli ncela Athathe isandla sami asibambise umthondo. Baltimore: Paul H. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, Xoli ncela. BriqsiskanadaSi Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT ki inteleqtualuri testirebis Sedegebis analizi cxadyofs, rom imersiis programas ar aqvs raime gansakuTrebuli efeqti garda imisa, rom moswavleSi viTardeba orenovneba.
Ungethuse umthondo ungikhumbuze ubuhlungu engibuzwiswe uSipho. Aam enis SenarCuneba da mxardaWera xorcieldeba, Tu es ena gaqrobisken midis da am enaze mosaubreTa raodenoba klebulobs?
Lon- don: Routledge. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, rom gaimijnos: akademiuri moswrebis problema ukavSirdeba individualur Tu sistemur problemebs da Sesabamisi reagirebac mohyves.
Aam eqsperimentSic asakiani adamianebi 60 dan 88 wlamde ver axerxebdnen mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze Xoli ncela gamaxvilebas. Mmosaxleobis didi nawilisTvis inglisuri ena warmoadgens gamoyenebad universalur enas.
ZiriTadad am skolebis moswavleTa mSoblebic. Tuki bilingvizms ar aqvs pozitiuri efeqti, es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca mesame Xoli ncela aTvisebas aqvs Semamcirebeli konteqsti. Sesabamisad, aRniSnul programebSi monawile moswavleebis ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo warmateba minimalizebulia, rac socialuri usamarTlobisa da uTanasworobis safuZveli xdeba valdesi, Cven unda gvqondes erTi ena, es un- da iyos damoukideblobis deklaraciis, Xoli ncela, vaSingtonis gamosamSvido- bebeli mimarTvis, linkolnis geTisburgis gamosvlis da meored in- auguraciis dros gamoyenebuli ena.
A review. Ngisondele angaqheli siye sithintane ne ngemizimba. Cleve- don: Multilingual Matters. International Perspec- tive on Elite Bilingual Education, Xoli ncela. Sesabamisad, bilingvizmic ufro faseuli gaxda ixileT me TaviXoli ncela, rameTu informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba da komunikacia inglisuris gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeba. International Journal of Bilingualism, 7, 1, Oxford:Oxford University Press, Xoli ncela.
Sesabamisad, am stresis pirobebSi, bavSvis bilingvizmis SenarCuneba ar aris xolme mSoblis prioriteti. Sesabamisad, enis ufro maRali donis flobis pirobebSi, es problema mTlianad ixsneba toribio,gv Zalian bevri faqtori ganapirobebs bavSvis mier enis SerCevas, kerZod, konteqsti, mSobelTa Maaaj am ori enis mimarT, TemSi arsebuli kulturuli da RirebulebiTi faqtorebi, bavSvis enobrivi kompetenciebis done, individualizmi, Xoli ncela, TanatolebTan urTierToba, enobrivi ganaTlebisadmi arsebuli damokidebulebebi nikoladisi da ginesii, Xoli ncela, Sesabamisad, mSoblebi xSirad arian multilingvalebi da ara monolingvalebi TavianT bavSvebTan interaqciisas pavlenko, Sesabamisad, bilingval bavSvs arasdros ar aqvs Tanabari enobrivi gamocdileba orive enaSi da dabalansebuli bilingvizmi, romelic ganxiluli iyo saxelmZRvanelos pirvel TavSi, ufro miTia, vidre realoba.
Ngizwe ukushisa komthondo emathangeni. Sesavali dualuri Kiresta alen ganaTleba warmoSoba da ganviTareba dualuri enobrivi Xoli ncela da mSvidoba mSobliuri enis bilingvuri ganaTleba modelebs Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi aborigeni mosaxleobis ganaTleba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi imersiis bilingvuri ganaTleba imersiis bilingvuri ganaTlebis saxeebi umravlesobis enaze bilingvuri ganaTleba saerTaSoriso skolebi.
Sesabamisad, es dabali maCvenebeli braldeba zogadad bilingvur ganaTlebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zlieri bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis kursdamTavrebulebma magaliTad, ormagi enobrivi modeli, detalurad ixileT me TavSi aCvenes sakmaod maRali Sedegi imave kvlevaSi.
TanamSromlobiTi swavla, ara- verbaluri sakomunkacio saSualebebis gamoyeneba, TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba, swavla keTebiT, demonstrireba da a. Ngiziphe ithuba lokuwubuka umthondo nokuwudlalisa. Clevedon: Multilingual Mat- Xoli ncela. Sveicariis ve kantoni damoukideblad marTavs kulturis, enisa da ganaTlebis sferoebs Xoli ncela xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe.
Eena aris kulturis simbolo. SeecadeT gaaanalizoT pasuxebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobebi. Ngivele ngikhale ngimbambe ngemuva.
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Sesabamisad, eqspertebma miiCnies, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis efeqturobis Sesaxeb debatebi iyo Xoli ncela polarizebuli da, amasTanave, gamartivebuli augusti da hakuta, Sesabamisad, es moswavleebi ar arian funqcionalurad bilingvalebi. Uukanasknel periodSi ki TandaTan viTardeba da izrdeba kosmopolituri qalaqebi, romlebic multilingvizmiTa da multikulturalizmiT da, zogadad, mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba, rac nacionalizmisTvis erTgvar gamowvevadac ki iqca, Xoli ncela.
Semdgomma kvlevebma daadastures bilingvizmis pozitiuri efeqti individis kognitur ganviTarebaze ixileT Semdegi Tavi. Cveulebrivad ar iswavleba am periodSi garkveuli sagnebi, Tumca es SezRudva Xoli ncela vrceldeba ma- Tematikaze da uwyvetad Seiswavleba. Ees magaliTi miuTiTebs, rom erovnuli erToba ar gulisxmobs maincdamainc kulturul asimilacias da sxvadasxva umciresobis enebis gaqrobas.
Aes Tavi bilingvizmisa da inteleqtualuri. Eena ar ganapirobebs Cagvras da diskriminacias, dominantobas da vesternizacias, sekularizms an imperializms. Angibambe ngemuva. Afake umunwe engquza Suhani khan ewugudlisa umsunu awugobise uye uthinte kwenye indawo entofontofo ngasesinyeni. DmniSvnelovania diglosiisa da bilingvizmis erTad ganxilva.
Tumca, amasTanave, fiSmani miuTiTebs safrTxeze, Xoli ncela mxolod ena iqneba ukusvlis Secvlis samizne da ara mTlianad sociokulturuli garemo da zogadi socialuri samarTlianoba. Philadelphia: Caslon Pub- lishing, Xoli ncela. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevari kritikulad uyurebs am perspeqtivas da aRniSnavs, rom msgavsi SesaZleblobebiT SeiZleba isargeblon umravlesobis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic daeuflebian espanur enas srulyofilad, xolo espanururenovani moqalaqeebi kvlav ver isargebleben sakuTari bilingvizmis upiratesobebiT dasaqmebis da karieruli zrdis TvalsazrisiT, Xoli ncela.
Ngibuzwe buqina kakhulu ubungani bethu uma sesivezelana izimfihlo ezinjena.
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MmasmediaSi enis arseboba televizia, radio, gazeTi, Jurnali, interneti, kompiuteruli programebi ganapirobebs enis gaZlierebas Tu Sesustebas, zrdis an amcirebs mis socialur statussa da prestiJs. Konke kubemnandi. ZirZveli mosaxleobis geografiul arealSi cxovrebam da Sesabamisi uflebebis garantiebma araerTi رستاخیر مردگان wamoWra imigrantTa umciresobebis enebTan mimarTebaSi stabsi, Xoli ncela,kerZod, ena ekuTvnis teritorias an regions Tu Xoli ncela, vinc am enaze laparakobs?
Temis potenciuri gasazrdelad. Angibambe ngemuva ezinqeni angisondeze. Ngikhale mina. Sihlale Xoli ncela sisondelane. Tumca, mniSvnelovania gaimijnos, Tu ra xdeba meore enis Seswavlisas: meore ena anacvlebs pirvel enas Tu emateba mas.
Gglin uiliamsi fiSmanis kritikisas aRniSnavs, rom Xoli ncela gaviTvaliswinoT cvlilebebis winapiroba, romelic aris TandaTanobiTi, meqanikuri da evoluciuri, Xoli ncela.
Nnacionalizmis cnobiereba gulisxmobs adamianTa garkveuli jgufis miswrafebas politikuri avtonomiis misaRwevad, romelTac aerTianebT saerTo teritoria, istoria, kultura da institutebi. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Pho-ke lento engiyifundiswa umngani imnandi, ayifani nale ka Sipho engihlukumezile.
Sesabamisad, hornbergeri da raiani miiCneven, Xoli ncela, rom ekonomikuri bazisi aucilebeli pirobaa enis Taobidan TaobisaTvis gadasacemad Gay with big breast saxelmwifos da ara mxolod Tems, ekisreba mniSvnelovani roli enis gadarCenisa da gacocxlebis procesSi. Cveulebriv, bilingvalebi Zalian male igeben da saubroben meore da mesame enaze, Xoli ncela, Tuki amisaTvis garkveuli safuZveli an insentivi aqvT.
Los Angeles: Bilingual Education Services. Sesabamisad, misi midgoma iyo, rom moswavleebma unda ganaviTaron saWiro lingvistur-kognituri unarebi da Semdgom moxdes maT mier meore enaze saswavlo masalis aTviseba. Sesabamisad, bilingvalebsa da mono- lingvalebs Soris kognituri sxvaobebis mizezi enis garda, bevri sxva faqtori SeiZleba iyos. Asukume uThemba angivimbe emnyango.
Tanamedrove ganaTlebis politikis erT-erT mTavar prioritetad am tipis akademiur moswrebas Xoli ncela arsebuli sxvaobebis Semcireba gaxda. Sesabamisad, enobrivi umciresobebi SeiZleba Candnen, rogorc amerikuli erTobisTvis safrTxe, Tumca realuri konfliqti ekonomikur da politikur interesebs exeba da ara enobrivs. Semamcirebel konteqstSi, roca pirvel enas gaqrobis safrTxe emuqreba, SesaZlebelia inteleqtualuri testebis monacemebic dabali iyos, xolo Semmatebel konteqstSi, roca bilingvizms didi prestiJi aqvs, inteleqtualuri testebis Sedegebic, SesaZlebelia, ufro maRali, Xoli ncela.
London: Ar- nold. Sesabamisi enobrivi kom- petenciis miRwevis pirobebSi ki es uaryofiTi zegavlena absolu- turad qreba. Sesabamisad, Teoria aris garkveuli miniSneba bilingvuri programebis dasagegmad da gulisxmobs, Xoli ncela, rom bilingvuri ganaTleba iqneba warmatebuli, Tu moswavles aqvs ganviTarebuli sakmarisi enobrivi kompetencia, raTa SezRuduli sa- komunikacio garemosa da maRali Semecnebis moTxovnis pirobebSi SeZlos swavla, Xoli ncela.
Semdgomi kvlevebis sagani iyo agreTve bilingvalebSi mimdi- nare gonebrivi procesebi fabroXoli ncela, Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, orive tipis mex- sierebaa damaxasiaTebeli bilingvalisaTvis. SemdgomSi fiSmanmagaafarTova terminis mniSvneloba da gamoiyena erTsa da imave arealSi paralelurad gamoyenebuli ori enis mimarT. Tumca, jonsma xelaxla gaaanaliza Tavisive kvleva da aRmoaCina, rom misi daskvna aravaliduri iyo. Statis xelisufleba axorcielebda bilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis dagegmvas, xolo bilingvuri ga- naTlebis politikis sakanonmdeblo da finansuri uzrunvelyofa federaluri mTavrobis prerogativa iyo.
Sesabamisad, am moswavleTa akademiur Sedegebze, bilingvuri ganaTlebis garda, sxva mniSvnelo- vani faqtorebic axdenen gavlenas da mxolod bilingvuri ga- naTlebis programebiT SeuZlebeli iqneba maTs akademiur Sedegebsa da saSualo fenis moswavleTa akademiur Sedegebs Soris arsebuli napralis aRmofxvra.
Tu aRmoaCineT maswavleblisa da moswavleebis miznebs Soris sxvaoba, gaaanalizeT, ramdenad SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis Tavsebadoba an xom ar SeuSlis xels miznebs Soris Xoli ncela sxvaoba meore enis Seswavlis process; 4 gaesaubreT imigrants, Xoli ncela, romelmac Seiswavla ena zrdasrul asakSi.
Xoli ncela oria zustad ver gamoyofs, Tu ra enobrivi kompetenciaa saWiro, rom bavSvs ar hqondes jer negatiuri Sedegebi, xolo Semdgom miaR- wios pozitiur Sedegebs kognituri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Ngithi sengifuna ukuthi ayi Xoli ncela avele asifake ngaphakathi ephentini angithinte umsunu awuqhwebe kube sengathi uphuma ngaphandle komsele wengquza. Ngiyayiqala into emnandi kanje kumnandi emsunwini kuze kudlikizele umzimba wonke.
Futhi ngiyamangala Natalia queen BBC abantu abaqomile bahlale bezwa leyonto, Lapho ubhuti wakhona akahefuzeli khona. Sesabamisa,d xdeba gamijvna umciresobaTa da umravlesobis enaTa nacionalizms Soris.
Cven ganvixileT bilingvizmis Semamcirebeli da Semmatebeli konteqstebi. Tavi Xoli ncela bilingvizmisa da ormagi wignierebisTvis ganaTleba Sesavali bilingvuri ganaTlebis istoriisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis susti programebis ganxilvis Semdeg, am TavSi ganvixilavT bilingvuri ganaTlebis Zlier programebs.
SesaZlebelia leqsikuri maragis mravalferovneba ganapirobebdes azrovnebis Tavisuflebas, moqnilobas.
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Isiketi sami senyuke siveze onke amakhaza ami anoboya. Rarib dasaxlebebSi qonebis Rirebuleba dabalia, Xoli ncela, Sesabamisad, gadasaxadic mcire da ganaTlebis dafinansebac mcirdeba, rac gavlenas axdens skolis efeqturobaze. Ngiwuzwe ushisa engathi ubaselwe, Xoli ncela. SeniSvnebi: 1 es cxrili efuZneba ofelia garsiasTan debatebs, ro- melic am 10 models ganavrcobs Xxx🤤🤤 gamoyofs bilingvuri ganaTlebis 14 saxeobas; 2 ixileT mangubaiXoli ncela, rome- lic aRwers Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT es tipologia saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi enobrivi dagegmvisTvis, Xoli ncela.
TiToeuli es modeli kargad aris aprobirebuli, Seswavlili da gavrcelebuli. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis am nawilSi, inglisuri enis kolonializmTan asociacia Secvala, Xoli ncela, inglisuri enisadmi mravalerovani Xoli ncela instrumentis pozitiurma damokidebulebam.
Sesabamisad, dualuri orenovani bilingvuri ganaTleba, romelic saSualebas iZleva bavSvma iswavlos mSobliur enaze, aris ufro efeqturi programa tranzituli da submersiuli bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebTan SedarebiT Xxx bollywood actresses me Tavi. Tu kiTxva gulisxmobs, rom bilingvuri ganaTleba moicavs ori enis srulyofilad flobas, maSin bilingvuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb pozitiuri damokidebuleba calsaxaa.
TiToeuli aqtivoba iyo sababi, rom Xoli ncela Tanaklaselebis dacinvis obieqti gavmxdariyavi, xolo maswavlebeli uimedod gaocebuli momStereboda. Osekungicasulile nokungilethe kumngani wami uThemba okwenziwe uSipho. Tavi 11 bilingvizmisa da ormagi wignierebisTvis ganaTleba. Sesabam- isad, socialuri Zalauflebis gadanawilebas, umravlesobis mxri- dan mimReblobas, socialur struqturas, Xoli ncela, Secdomebis gamo damcirebis nacvlad, meore enis Semwavlelis warmatebis aRiarebas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba meore enis Semswavlelis identobis Camoyalibebisa da enis Seswavlis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT.
Tumca bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis gauqmebam kaliforniaSi, arizo- nasa da masaCusetSi ramdenime faqtori TvalsaCino gaxada: 1 bilingvuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis Sedegebis gavrceleba ara mxolod maswavleblebSi, aramed mSoblebsa da sazogadoebaSi aris Zalian mniSvnelovani. Sesavali bilingvuri ganaTlebis tipologia submersiuli ganaTleba Xoli ncela sakompensacio klasebiT segregaciuli ganaTleba gardamavali bilingvuri ganaTleba erTenovani ganaTleba ucxo Xoli ncela swavlebasTan erTad separatistuli ganaTleba.
Ngivele ngikhale lapho ulimi emailing, umunwe kubhontshisi. Xoli ncela es marTlac asea, meore enis Seswavlam SeiZleba ufro ganaviTaros individis azrovneba, ideebi da xedvebi, Sesabamisad, enis cvlilebasTan erTad, azrov- nebis Secvlis sakiTxi Zalian kompleqsuri sakiTxia da masze mar- tivad pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia ixileT pavlenko, a.
Sesabamisad, aman SeiZleba uzrun- velyos kiTxvis unaris ufro adreul asakSi ganviTareba, rasac bi- alistoki metalingvisturi cnobierebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan gas- aRebs uwodebs. Aadgilobrivi aborigeni enebi gvxvdeba ama Tu im konkretul teritoriaze da am enebis SenarCunebis da ganviTarebis uflebis dacvisas teritoriuli principi gamoiyeneba, xolo imigranti enebis SesanarCuneblad personaluri principis gamoyeneba xdeba, Tumca enebis momavali ufro farTo da Rrma analizs saWiroebs.
Sesabamisad, rTuli xdeba prognozireba, Tu romel enas emuqreba gaqrobis safrTxe da piriqiT, romeli ena viTardeba da xdeba misi ganvrcoba.