The meat-eating Hindu Pashtuns are a little known tribe in India even today, with a distinct culture carried forward from Afghanistan and Balochistan which includes blue tattoos on the faces of the women, traditional Pashtun dancing and clothes heavily adorned with coins and embroidery.
Haroon Rashid. See also: Pashto alphabetPashto dialectsand Pashto grammar. Small Shia communities exist in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Paktia. Food Culture in India. Further information: Pashto mediaPashto musicPakistani pathan Peshawar, and Pashto Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Muslim Mirror.
Brookings Institution Press. The architect of Dari Persian was a Khorassani, Firdawsi. The arrogant Pathan, Naseeruddin Shah, has suddenly turned very charming Archived from the original on 31 May Retrieved 1 June Archived from the original on 8 March We read with some surprise about the boy who preferred to fly kites than go hunting with his father, prompting his father to tell him he was a Brahmin born in the family of Pathans.
Duke University Press. Also, Hazara leaders were killed or deported, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, and their lands were confis- cated. This inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia D.R sexy girl video the lands of the ancient Assyrian Empire when it conquered the Empire of the Medes and Chaldean Babyloniawhich had conquered Assyria Pakistani pathan Peshawar earlier.
The Kabul dialect is used to standardize the present Pashto alphabet.
Most important, each nomad household has a series of 'friends' in Uzbek, Aymak and Hazara villages along the route, usually debtors who take cash advances, animals and wool from them, to be redeemed in local produce and fodder over a number of years, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
There was no lesson on the Pashtun state-builders in nineteenth and twentieth century Afghanistan. Pashtun culture Pakistani pathan Peshawar based on Pashtunwali, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, Islam and the understanding of Pashto language. ISBN Many of the communities of ethnic Pashtuns known as Pathans in India that had emerged in India over the previous centuries lived peaceably among their Hindu neighbors.
Cancel Subscription. The earliest describes Sheikh Mali's conquest of Swat, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Modern borrowings come primarily from the English language, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. This area, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, in what later became part of West Pakistan, comprised a unique blend of not only Hindu-Muslim culture but also a Punjabi-Pathan mix. One of this intrepid breed to whom defeat was a dirty word was Kundan Lal Gujral.
This haplogroup is reported at high frequencies in the Caucasus and is thought to be associated with the Neolithic expansion throughout the region.
Main article: Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites. Retrieved 13 March In the s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.
For other uses, see Pathan disambiguation. Main article: Pashtun tribes. Main article: Pashto literature and poetry. Inthe British Pakistani pathan Peshawar to segregate settled areas on the frontier from the pastoral Pakistani pathan Peshawar communities found in the surrounding hills. Before Islam there were various different beliefs which were practiced by Pashtuns such as Zoroastrianism[] Buddhism and Hinduism.
Retrieved 1 January The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand. Tribal allegiances are stronger among the Pakistani pathan Peshawar, while governance of the Durrani confederation is more to do with cross-tribal structures of land ownership.
By the s a popular call for Pashtunistan began to be heard in Afghanistan and the new state of Pakistan. Some groups from Peshawar and Kandahar believe to be descended from Pakistani pathan Peshawar who arrived with Alexander the Great. In the 18th century, the groups collaborated at times and at other times fought each other.
Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzadand Ashraf Ghani among many others. The first Pashto alphabet was developed by Pir Roshan in the 16th century. According to a book, "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits the ability of traditional Pashtun women to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives. The advent of poetry helped transition Pashto to the modern period. Pashto literature gained significant prominence in the 20th century, with poetry by Ameer Hamza Shinwari who developed Pashto Ghazals.
Daoud responded that it was the right of the Pashtuns to do so and that the land belonged to them Kishtmand Stanford University Press. Vortex of Conflict: U. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. A majority of Pashtuns live south of the Hindu Kush the mile mountain range that covers northwestern Pakistan to central and eastern Road lifts and with some Persian speaking ethnic groups.
One conflicting issue in the belief that the Pashtuns descend from the Israelites is that the Ten Lost Tribes Pakistani pathan Peshawar exiled by the ruler of Assyriawhile Maghzan-e-Afghani says they were permitted by the Pakistani pathan Peshawar to go east to Afghanistan.
See also: Pashtun nationalism. A typical issue that continues to disturb social order in Afghanistan even at the present time concerns the Pashtun nomads and grazing lands. There have been many legends over the centuries of descent from the Ten Lost Tribes after groups converted to Christianity and Islam.
A rigorous exercise, Attan is performed as musicians play various native instruments including the dhol drumstablas percussionsPakistani pathan Peshawar, rubab a bowed string instrumentand toola wooden flute.
Syracuse University Press. There was little or no sampling of original Pashto language religious or historical material. Like other MuslimsPashtuns celebrate Islamic holidays.
Pakistan NWFP Peshawar old Pathan man with grandchildren Stock Photo - Alamy
Learning the Afghan language is important to know more about India and Afghanistan relations," said Syed Ul Rehman, a student. Persian language which the Afghan rulers introducted [ sic ] into India was an Afghan product. Archived from the original on 2 July Jhalajit Singh A Short History of Manipur. Retrieved 5 June Archived from the original on 2 June Outlook India. However, during the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan —Pashtun regions were politically divided by the Durand Line — areas that would become western Pakistan fell within British India as a result of the border.
Much of their pasture was granted to them by the state after being expropriated from conquered non-Pashtun communities. And perhaps Dilip Kumar does not know but in Peshawar his screen name is pronounced 'Daleep' with a thick Hindko accent. Archived from the original on 19 April Gharanas of sarod players have their origins in the lineages of the Pathan communities that brought the Afghan rabab to India. The nomads appear to have lost these pastures as Pakistani pathan Peshawar Hazaras gained autonomy in the recent war.
India's Communities. Archived from the original on 1 March Prasar Bharati. Ghosia Colony. Pashto is the mother tongue of most Pashtuns. Retrieved 9 February Arab News. Further information: Culture of Afghanistan and Culture of Pakistan.
Young women and girls often entertain at weddings with the Tumbal Dayereh which is an instrument, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Pune Mirror. Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the Attan dance. But no ancient author mentions such a transfer of Israelites further east, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, or no ancient extra-Biblical texts refer to the Ten Lost Tribes at all.
Retrieved 28 May Archived PDF from the original on 9 October Retrieved 15 March Retrieved 17 November Retrieved 6 August Census Profile, Census. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society. Sadasivan A Social History of India. Further information: Afghan diaspora and Overseas Pakistani. Research Programmes Committee Basu; [distributor: Bookland. Retrieved 10 September Vol II: Letters and Buddhist". This theory has been criticised for not being substantiated by historical evidence. Further information: Sport in Afghanistan and Sport in Pakistan.
Retrieved 2 November Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship. Producers based in Peshawar have created Pashto-language films since the s. Khatol Mohammadzai served as brigadier general in the Afghan Army, another Pashtun female became a fighter pilot in the Pakistan Air Force.
The Hazaras, who rebelled and fought an extended war against the Afghan government, were stripped of their control over the Hindu Kush pastures and the pastures were given to the Pashtun pastoralists. A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the intricate system of tribes. The Taliban regime was ousted in late during the US-led War in Afghanistan and replaced by the Karzai administration.
Main articles: Durrani and Ghilji. Your Subscription Plan. This gigantic set of a Pathan's den was impressively done, with Feroz, Vinod and 40 junior artistes making merry. Archived from the original on 12 Pakistani pathan Peshawar Ethnography of Goa, Daman and Diu. Deccan Herald. There was no lesson on any twentieth century Pakhtun, especially Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, the anti-British, pro-Pakhtun nationalist.
Yale University Press. Pashto is categorised as an Eastern Iranian language, [] but a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. The Times of India. The most prominent views amongst Pashtuns as to who exactly qualifies as a Pashtun are: [].
This led to bad relations between the two nations. Some have attained political office in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Archived from the original on 1 July Retrieved 19 October There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. Pakistani pathan Peshawar also arranges marriages for her own family Pakistani pathan Peshawar arbitrates conflicts for men and women.
Pashtun women are known to be modest and honorable because of their modest dressing. As for the Pashtun nomadspassing the length of the region, they maintain a complex chain of transactions involving goods and information. A number of other ministers are also Pashtuns. Archived from the original on 5 November News on Air. Archived from the original on 1 October Archived from the original on 13 Pakistani pathan Peshawar Archived from the original on 6 February Archived from the original on 1 August The New Indian Express.
Main articles: Religion in Afghanistan and Religion in Pakistan, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Many Pashtuns of Pakistan and India have adopted non-Pashtun cultures, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, mainly by abandoning Pashto and using languages such as UrduPunjabiand Hindko. Khorasan was a part of Afghanistan at that time Indian Cookery Course. Blitz Publications. In AprilDaoud Khan was assassinated along with his family and relatives.
She was the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. APH Publishing, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Due to the ongoing insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwasome Pashtun Sikhs were internally displaced from their ancestral villages to settle in cities like Peshawar and Nankana Sahib. My Reads, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Dick bigy Archived from the original on 5 June All India Radio.
Archived from the original on 11 February Pakistani pathan Peshawar 10 January British Library. In the first category there are Muslim groups consisting of Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
Nomads are also ideally situated for smuggling. The majority of Pashtuns use Pashto as their native tonguebelieved to belong to the Indo-Iranian language family[] and is spoken by up to 60 million people. University of California Press. Saved Articles. Tools Tools. For example, according to the Encyclopaedia of Islamthe theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is traced to Nimat Allah al-Harawiwho compiled a history for Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi in the reign of Mughal Emperor Jehangir in the 17th century, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
One of the most prominent dances is Attanwhich has ancient roots. With the loss of their sum- mer pastures the units of practical Hazara affiliation declined.
The students can get opportunities by learning Pashto language. Sign out. These activities of the Afghan government, carried on as a deliberate policy, sometimes exacerbated by other outrages effected by the Pashtun pastoralistsemasculated the Hazaras.
SIL International. When Azad heard about this incident, he began to tease him and said, "Maulvi Saheb, you are no Pathan. Little information is available on non-Muslim as there is limited data regarding Pakistani pathan Peshawar groups and minorities, especially since many of the Hindu and Sikh Pashtuns migrated from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after the partition of India and later, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, after the rise of the Taliban.
The Pakistani pathan Peshawar monarchy ended when President Daoud Khan seized control of Afghanistan from his cousin Zahir Shah in on a Pashtun Nationalist agenda, which opened doors for a proxy war by neighbors and the rise of Marxism.
Main article: Theories of Pashtun origin. Pashtuns around the world, particularly those in Arab countries, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, watch these for entertainment purposes and to get latest news about their native areas. Nomads regard these friendships as important interest-bearing investments akin to the lands some of them own in the same villages; recently villagers have sometimes Pakistani pathan Peshawar their dues, but relations between the participants are cordial, in spite of latent tensions and backbiting.
The long wars in Afghanistan have led to Pashtuns gaining a reputation for being exceptional fighters. In the 20th century, many politically active Pashtun leaders living under British rule of undivided India supported Indian independenceincluding Ashfaqulla Khan[] [] Abdul Samad Khan AchakzaiAjmal KhattakBacha Khan and his son Wali Khan both members of the Khudai KhidmatgarPakistani pathan Peshawar, and were inspired by Mohandas Gandhi 's non-violent method of resistance.
The principal castes are Pathan Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. Pakistani pathan Peshawar Urdu poetry which sprang up in India under the influence of Persian-speaking Iranians, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, Turks, Arabs, and Pathans naturally made use of the vast and accessible body of imagery and convention which was Arabo-Iranian Abul Kalam Azad. These pastures had been held in common by the vari- ous regional Hazara groups and so had provided important bases for large "tribal" affiliations to be maintained.
Hence the tribal name Yusufzai in Pashto translates to the "son of Joseph". He bought himself a real silver sword, as is befitting to a Pathan, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Perhaps you are Pakistani pathan Peshawar Sheikh, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. The language has ancient origins and bears similarities to extinct languages such as Avestan and Bactrian, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
Sherman 25 August Pakistani pathan Peshawar Sentinel Assam. The haplogroup analysis indicates the Pashtuns and Tajiks share some sort of ancestral heritage. Retrieved 24 October Retrieved 22 November Persian Literature in Translation. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. Main article: Jirga.
Kishtmand writes that when Daoud visited Hazaristan in the s. For the Pashtun language, see Pashto. Both the Afghanistan national cricket team and the Pakistan national cricket team have Pashtun players. The Greek heritage of Pakistani Pashtuns has been researched in. Throughout the period 78, governments supported the desire of the Pashtun nomads to take their cattle to graze in Hazara regions. The overwhelming majority of Pashtuns adhere to Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi school of thought.
For example, though women are officially allowed to vote in Pakistan, some have been kept away from ballot boxes by males. Retrieved 12 July NDTV Food. There are Pathans and Moghuls among the Manipuri Muslims Indiana University.
Modern social reform for Pashtun women began in the early 20th century, when Queen Soraya Tarzi of Afghanistan made rapid reforms to improve women's lives and their position in the family. Greenwood Publishing Group. Khalili Collectins : Abdul Hai Habibi. This had a devastating impact on the Hazara's society and economy.
World English Dictionary. In other projects. The same was true in Afghanistan itself till the mujahidin and the Taliban arrived. According to a study from called "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective", the study from a sample size of showed Haplogroup R-M to be the most dominant haplogroup in Pashtuns at Haplogroup G-M reaches It is virtually absent from all other Afghan populations.
Pakistan NWFP Peshawar old Pathan man with grandchildren
A sub-type of the Khattak Wal Atanrh known as the Braghoni involves the use of up to three swords and requires great skill. Others became famous in sports e, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
Indian Express. The Pashto language programme is running successfully as more students are enrolling for this course. Daily O. Live Mint. Download as PDF Printable version. The politics of Nepali anju Pashto language textbooks in a nationalist environment promoting integration through Islam and Urdu had unique effects.
Wikimedia Commons. A History of Jaipur: C. Orient Blackswan. Although Greeks and Jews have been proposed as ancestors to Pathans, their genetic origin remains ambiguous Overall, Ashkenazi Jews exhibit a frequency of The Hotak rulers rebelled against the Safavids and seized control over much of Persia from to Specifically, the Mohamedzais held Afghanistan's monarchy from around to the end of Zahir Shah 's reign in During the so-called " Great Game " of the 19th century, rivalry between the British and Russian empires was useful to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan in resisting foreign control and retaining a degree of autonomy see the Siege of Malakand.
His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, Pakistani pathan Peshawar Maqsood. Packard Humanities Institute. How could a Pathan of Malihabad keep quiet after being abused? Retrieved Pakistani pathan Peshawar April In the tribal areas — the no man's land between Afghanistan and Pakistan — quite a few Hindus stayed on and were protected by the tribal codes, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. According to some accounts the Ghilji tribe has been connected to the Khalaj people.
In exchange for their cooperation, the tribes would receive a stipend for their services. The difficult lives of Afghan female refugees gained considerable notoriety with the iconic image Afghan Girl Sharbat Gula depicted on the June cover of National Geographic magazine. In Sikkim Muslims are mainly categorized into two divisions in terms of social ranking.
Article Talk. Numerous other dances are affiliated with various tribes notably from Pakistan including the Khattak Wal Atanrh eponymously named after the Khattak tribeMahsood Wal Atanrh which, in modern times, involves the juggling of loaded Pakistani pathan PeshawarPakistani pathan Peshawar, and Waziro Atanrh among others.
Inthe Soviet Union intervened in its southern neighbor Afghanistan in order to defeat a rising insurgency. The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, jihads and modernity. For the mode of vacancy, we students are looking for a good designation and this language can give me a better designation in Central Government of India jobs," said Ambalika, a student who has completed advanced diploma in Pashto language.
The study also states that among the studied ethnic groups, the Pashtuns have the greatest HVS-I sequence diversity. Seaso- nal migration patterns of nomads have been disrupted by war and state formation throughout history, and the Afghan-Soviet war was no exception.
In Karnataka, the Pathan are distributed in all districts Planning Commission. Pakistani pathan Peshawar group native to Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Legends of Bollywood, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
Retrieved 24 February Daily News and Analysis. Main article: Pathans in India. Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. A legacy of Sufi activity may be found in some Pashtun regions, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as evident in songs and dances. Pashto media has expanded in the last decade, with a number of Pashto TV channels becoming available, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
Mohan Lal quoted Mountstuart Elphinstone who wrote:. Journal of Asian History. National Geographic. Hamal Military History of Nepal. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban regime. However, according to linguist Sims-Williamsarchaeological documents do not support the suggestion that the Khalaj were the successors of the Hephthalites, [] while according to historian V.
Minorskythe Khalaj were "perhaps only politically associated with the Hephthalites. In the meantime, millions of Pashtuns joined the Afghan diaspora in Pakistan and Iranand from there tens of thousands proceeded to Europe, North America, Oceania and other parts of the world. The relation between India and Afghanistan is very historic and it will continue in the future.
New Indian Pakistani pathan Peshawar. It cost the grand sum of Rs. Egmont Imagination. Moti Mahal's Tandoori Trail, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Some anthropologists lend credence to the oral traditions of the Pashtun tribes themselves. Elections HT Insight. Retrieved 9 July Zee News. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. A similar story is told by many historians, including the 14th century Ibn Battuta and 16th century Ferishta.
University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 8 July The cherry-lipped cherub is obviously not as soft as he looks, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Pashtun performers remain avid participants in various physical forms of Pakistani pathan Peshawar including dance, sword fighting, and other physical feats. Her duties may include witnessing women's ceremonies, mobilising women to practice religious festivals, preparing the female dead for burial, and performing services for deceased women.
Retrieved 18 September Ethnic population: 49, possibly total Pashto in all countries. Archived from the original Pakistani pathan Peshawar 20 July Retrieved 12 June Archived from the original on 14 October Afghanistan Analysts Network.
HT Premium. In the late s, Pashtuns were the primary ethnic group in the ruling regime i. For some Baluch and Pashtun nomadsas well as settled tribes in border areas, smuggling has been a source of more income than agriculture or pastoralism.
Read View source View history. Pashtun scholars such as Abdul Hai Habibi and others believe that the earliest Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri Pakistani pathan Peshawar, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana as proof. With a rapid circular motion, dancers perform until no one is left dancing, similar to Sufi whirling dervishes.
De Gruyter Mouton. Zaman Stanizai criticises this theory: []. Tribal populations Pakistani pathan Peshawar cultures of the Indian subcontinent. Makha is a traditional archery sport in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, played Pakistani pathan Peshawar a long arrow gheshai having a saucer shaped metallic plate at its distal end, and a long bow. Perhaps the most common form of artistic expression can be seen in the various forms of Pashtun dances.
According to Georg Morgenstiernethe Durrani tribe who were known as the "Abdali" before the formation of the Durrani Empire[] might be connected to with the Hephthalites ; [] Aydogdy Kurbanov endorses this view who proposes that after the collapse of the Hephthalite confederacy, Hephthalite likely assimilated into different local populations.
The Durranis and Ghiljis or Ghilzais are the two largest groups of Pashtuns, with approximately two-thirds of Afghan Pashtuns belonging Pakistani pathan Peshawar these confederations. Muslims, as indicated earlier, Pakistani pathan Peshawar, forms These Muslim families are divided into 22 castes.
The News Pakistani pathan Peshawar. A number of genetic studies on Pashtuns have lately been undertaken by academics from various institutions and research institutes. Jaico Publishing House. Main article: Pashto. In this study, the PashtunsKalashand Burusho to be descended from Alexander's soldiers considered.
Main article: List of Pashtun People. Main article: Pashtun culture. Retrieved 3 January Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Credited with having been one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists. Business Standard. The Hindu. Her advocacy of social reforms for women led to a protest and contributed to the Pakistani pathan Peshawar demise of King Amanullah 's reign in Pashtun women these days vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men.
In some parts of Afghanistan, Pashtun nomads favored by the state often clashed with non- Pashtun especially Hazara peasants. Archived from the original on 23 April Retrieved 7 July Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema.
Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the Seleucid Empire expanded influence on the Pashtuns until BCE when they gave up dominating power to the Indian Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty. Roli Books Private Limited. Further information: Afghan ethnonym. The list of current governors of Afghanistan also include large percentage of Pashtuns.
Archived from the original on 17 November Retrieved 4 November Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother-tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area. Pakistan: A Personal History.
Some Afghan historians have maintained that Pashtuns are linked to the ancient Israelites. See also: Ethnic groups in Pakistan and Ethnic groups in Afghanistan. Contents move to sidebar hide. See also: Pashtun cuisine and Pashtun clothing, Pakistani pathan Peshawar.
My Offers. The Pathan Borderland. Among these two groups the former is regarded as of aristocrats and the Pakistani pathan Peshawar as of commoners, Pakistani pathan Peshawar. Oxford University Press. Cine Blitz. The Hindu. With a few gaps, Durranis ruled modern Afghanistan continuously until the Saur Revolution of ; the new communist rulers were Ghilji.
A claim that is full of logical inconsistencies and historical incongruities, and stands in stark contrast to the conclusive evidence of the Indo-Iranian origin of Pashtuns supported by the incontrovertible DNA sequencing that the genome analysis revealed scientifically.
Leiden: E. OCLC Retrieved 22 July Cambridge University Press. There are also Hindu Pashtuns, sometimes known as the Sheen Khalai, who have moved predominantly to India. Further challenging the status quo, Vida Samadzai was selected as Miss Afghanistan inPakistani pathan Peshawar, a feat that was received with a mixture Pakistani pathan Peshawar support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic.
The decades of war and the rise of the Taliban caused considerable hardship among Pashtun women, as many of their rights have been curtailed by a rigid interpretation of Islamic law.