Our findings are not specific for Nimwagie matako kubwa certain sub-group of speakers. It must be noticed that quite a number of them are connected with the rural or traditional environment. Boasting and slandering seem to be characteristic of their conversations. However, as the groups who use special codes are not completely closed, some elements of criminal argot can be found in the speech of groups of jobless young men, for example.
Since a five- shilling-coin was called dala, the buses by metonymic extension were named daladala. LyM and the media In Tanzania, the media of popular culture and LyM are very much interrelated, Nimwagie matako kubwa, and mutually boost each other. When looking at the ranking of domains, it must ليزا انن بوس born in mind that items were not exclusively allocated to only one domain, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
It is clear that the discourse context is important for all the terms Nimwagie matako kubwa women. On the other hand there was also fun in the work, especially when unexpected etymologies turned up.
Yako mengi. Hyperbolic effects could also be achieved by augmentative derivation, i. Citizens of Dar es Salaam generally feel being ahead of their rural countrymen. When we realised that a number of terms denoting large female hips are related to weaponry, we thought that it had to do with sexual power attributed to women, sometimes perceived as a threat to men.
In addition to working with the word-list Reuster-Jahn continued the collection of LyM- items by elicitation. Our data reveal that specially developed semantic fields Nimwagie matako kubwa LyM relate to: 1.
Again the creator or speaker of LyM imagines himself as a player on the field. If a term is connected to an event, a song, or a personality, the year of its birth can be traced. Transfers from other languages, especially English, are as well to be found as manipulations of Swahili words. The kijiwe seems to be something like the symbolic centre of the group. Accordingly it has to be represented in three different domains. Apart from the creation of a special lexicon, Nimwagie matako kubwa morphological manipulation can be applied to encrypt a message.
Our dictionary focuses on etymology and cognitive motivation, as well as Nimwagie matako kubwa use of LyM in discourse. It is said that many of them are drug users. The lexicon of the Bongo Fleva scene draws on English terms.
Mzungu wa nne is derived from playing-cards, where mzungu Nimwagie matako kubwa pili denotes the jack, mzungu wa tatu the Nimwagie matako kubwa, and mzungu wa nne the king. This practice creates a constant need for new terms of abuse and invectives such as mpanda farasi, muuzaji madafu, bwege, Nimwagie matako kubwa, mjuaji.
This does not only reflect authentic discourse to some extent, but also illustrates another way of medialisation of this jargon, Nimwagie matako kubwa. This applies mostly to drug-users and jobless youths who engage in some criminal activities, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Their name dates back to the time when the fare was five shillings. Taking into account that football is a predominant pastime activity of Teensnapping bondage youths in Tanzania, it is not surprising that it serves as a source domain of some importance.
Ohly a: 4. Only few lexemes can be used for both purposes. Knowledge is gained by 1 living together in a household with children and youths, 2 reading the newspapers which use LyM, and 3 listen to popular music, especially Bongo Fleva and modern Taarab. Viewed from a sociological perspective, the main function of LyM resides in image work, i. In the cases of alasiri, piga bushoke, weka kawawa and bambataa, it could easily be imagined 116.com these coinages will become opaque soon after the newspaper Alasiri and the Bambataa radio program are stopped, and the artist Bushoke and the politician Kawawa disappear from the wider public scene.
This ignorance can even lead to misinterpretation. The rich yield in the fields of etymology, cognitive motivation and usage caused a shift of the research focus from lexicography to ethnolinguistics. Wherever possible, hypotheses about their etymology have been provided as detailed as possible. Uswaa is derived from uswahilini by terminal clipping. In general, secrecy can be achieved by coining new words or by giving new meanings to existing lexical items, only known to insiders of the respective group.
Furthermore, they lack efficient tools for implementation. This could be interpreted in the context of admiring and boasting. It contains what our informants perceived as LyM, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Therefore, it is not devoted to one single variety of LyM, but presents a conglomerate of words and expressions.
The living conditions have changed, but still are not easy. This comparison shows that LyM is in a constant process of change. Wewe vipi eh spasta Bongo! Some are known by a majority of Swahili speakers, others are more restricted to certain groups. To explore the aspect of Nimwagie matako kubwa assignment in detail it is necessary to do more research. The construction of youth identities in discourse practice Looking into the details Nimwagie matako kubwa lexical manipulation which constitute neologisms in LyM is not enough in order to find out about the linguistic construction of youth identities in Tanzania, since this construction takes place at the discourse level.
Ali, Nimwagie matako kubwa you go to school? Na hasa lugha hii hutumika mjini na vijana wakibuni njia ya kuwasiliana bila polis kujua.
An informant, obviously not knowing the song, explained, that it had to do with the raucous skin of the hands of a bachelor who has to do the Nimwagie matako kubwa by his own, Nimwagie matako kubwa. In what follows the semantic domains will be discussed in the order of their importance, and illustrated with examples from our data, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
Being part of a social network is as indispensable as knowing special codes and styles of speech used there, like for example, being able to understand the personnel in daladala minibuses.
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The lexemes and expressions in this group can be applied to both sexes, Nimwagie matako kubwa to differing degrees. Therefore it will be necessary to explore the performative and ethnographic aspects of the emblematic lexicon in authentic discourse among adolescents in order to find out how LyM is put to use, i. One common strategy to respond to this pressure is to reject the boastful behaviour as baseless either by reference to property and wealth or to cosmopolitan competencein order to expose and humiliate the addressee as a bragger.
Since most of our research so Nimwagie matako kubwa was geared towards the lexical aspect of LyM, without a fully articulated thrust Nimwagie matako kubwa discourse, we can only give very rough, preliminary and general ideas Nimwagie matako kubwa specific recurrent discourse practices that juvenile users of LyM employ to construct youth identity.
The novel Kijiweni Moto Kusenha describes the life of such a boy, who even dares to speak with his parents in his group-language. Therefore, many words of the youths come and go, and some stay and continue to be used until today. The programmes could also be received in Dar es Salaam, Nimwagie matako kubwa, but not beyond. In this book the author has made an effort to depict the language of those youths, and he has complemented it with a list of words they use.
The following example was given by Ali Nimwagie matako kubwa, one of our informants from Dar es Salaam: 2 Tia, tiulikwe tishu? This construction takes place predominantly in interaction among equals. If this is the case, this euphemistic expression must have been revived recently, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Lina miaka mingapi? Thus, Nimwagie matako kubwa, when the memory of an event or personality that had led to the coining of a LyM item becomes obliterated, its etymology too is likely to fall into oblivion.
The largest semantic field is that relating to alcohol, where we can discern generic terms for alcoholic drinks 62beer 63and hard liquors Terms to describe drunkenness 65 are outweighing those denoting other drug experience Many terms denoting marijuana and marijuana cigarettes exist 67but other drugs are also represented in Nimwagie matako kubwa LyM lexicon Drug dealers as well as drug user get their own terms In the whole domain of drugs euphemisms and synecdoches abound.
The creative procedures which lead to the terms are highly interesting and will be discussed in the next chapter, Nimwagie matako kubwa. It must be asked why this should be so. Thus, the items listed in confirm the hypothesis Contini-Morava n. Second, the analysis shows that the frequency of key items from the emblematic LyM lexicon in actual discourse is rather low, Nimwagie matako kubwa. It seems as if the combined pre- and suffixation serves the expression of a gross exaggeration.
This is a relatively recent phenomenon, which started with the political and economic turn at the second half of the s, and was reinforced by the introduction of multi-party democracy in In all these newly developed genres of popular culture Swahili and LyM play important roles.
This applies also to the act of eating Furthermore, some special kinds of food are represented Therefore it receives extra attention in LyM. In spite of the campaigns on AIDS prevention and consciousness it is still avoided to speak openly about the disease, especially in connection to somebody being affected.
The sixth chapter widens the scope and elaborates on how LyM constitutes juvenile routines of communication which serve the youth to create their identity at discourse level. In respect with Nimwagie matako kubwa the football metaphor is also activated. In fact, Nimwagie matako kubwa, the creators of LyM Nimwagie matako kubwa mainly male youths.
At present, we do not know the contexts in which these codes are used, nor whether there are other ways of systematic morphological manipulation used for instance by children for ludic purposes.
Therefore, the ones who have gone through the process of adapting to them tend to look down on newcomers. For each lexical item we give at least one example of its use. There are two examples of this from medialised discourse. But since it is not in fashion any more, its memory Keralagirl faded. The question on the origin yielded very interesting and sometimes complex etymological explanations and cognitive motivations.
We were not able to trace it. Our data show that in these cases the form serves as preferred cognitive motivation. Most of these manipulations could also be found in LyM.
Metaphors are Nimwagie matako kubwa particular interest, not only because they are predominating in the poetic making of LyM, but also because the associations seem often far-fetched to the outsider.
In the elections of the ruling party CCM was able to win over many youths by making their needs a topic of its election programme. In e Joan takes Nimwagie matako kubwa his line of self-praise tinging it with irony and mockery. Part of this entertainment is the playful and jocular use of language, and the competitive aspect of showing mastery of this game. These are Mr.
Mushi, Nimwagie matako kubwa, Ms. Mpembeni, and Dr. The leading questions referring to the entries were as follows: 1. Raab a, The major function of these urban youth languages is that they are created and used as an icon of identity, a marker of solidarity on the one hand, Nimwagie matako kubwa, and a demarcation line on the Nimwagie matako kubwa hand — since this feeling of belonging is originally created by an opposition to existing identities represented by 1 the rural population that tends to live the traditional way of life, 2 the older generations, and probably 3 the better-off.
Here we live with wajeda, there are neither kapelo nor tizediara … smoking marijuana is a normal thing here! The comparison is motivated by the danger associated with electrical gear. The expression Kwa bi mkubwa is not dysphemistically motivated as we suspectedbut, to the contrary, expresses respect. In appendix 2 we present a case study on the change which took place in Nimwagie matako kubwa special campus lexicon of Nachingwea Teacher Training College during a period of roughly twenty years.
The official institutions in many cases are slow in providing new terms that meet the demand. While in standard ways of greeting, politeness only allows for positive responses to the initial question, in LyM habits of speaking there is an option to respond either positively or negatively We suppose that this practice is predominant among male rather than female youths, but this remains to be reconfirmed by in-depth sociolinguistic research.
Personal communication People who in particular make it Teen virigr 1,ts time aadivashi are the youths and the singers of Taarab-music, Nimwagie matako kubwa, especially mipasho.
Jimama guest guest 21 sec 21 sec Bongokali. The time factor also plays a role. Prostitutes in all regions exist 47 sec. In such a case the use of LyM has become Nimwagie matako kubwa integral part of the social identity. Only two terms, baba askofu and basha 19, denote the penetrating partner. She has five children, the youngest being five years old.
These two factors account for multiple allocation of terms to domains, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Zai 30 sec. With the exception of totoz, these nouns are also marked by a Swahili plural prefix. As outlined above, our approach was to collect lexical items of LzM which are not too exclusive and therefore known to many people in Tanzania.
Football is a special source domain, since it seems to offer a conceptual scheme where the speaker takes the position of a player in a football match. Television shows, video films, street journals, popular literature, and the internet increasingly become areas of LyM usage, catalysing its stylisation and spreading it rapidly all over Tanzania, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
In respect with discourse, we have also to differentiate between terms that are used for addressing women and those that are used for making reference to them.
Whereas the use of LyM as a register confined to certain situative contexts is considered as normal, its permanent use is regarded as offensive. But the classification in modern LyM seems to be more fine-grained in that women are subcategorised by moral evaluations regarding their behaviour. The guiding principle here is not only to pin down the source of the item in question, Nimwagie matako kubwa, but also to trace, as accurately as possible, the formal and semantic shifts responsible for the derivation of the contemporary LyM items from their source items, in order to explain the cognitive motivations which underlie the change.
Concerning the knowledge of LyM we found that it is widespread among youths in Tanzania, those in remote towns like Nachingwea and Kurio lagging only slightly behind. She Nimwagie matako kubwa no job and lives with her child in the house of her parents in Nachingwea. You yourself have only arrived, you pretend to be a town-dweller. However, many of the entries needed confirmation by more informants as well as more etymological and context information 8.
In turn, the dictionary will hopefully be a useful tool for those who do research on modern Swahili texts, - not only popular ones - since LyM Nimwagie matako kubwa invaded large areas of public communication. Especially where metaphors are concerned, the connections the youths construct between target and source domains are enlightening, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
In a sociological perspective, Lugha ya Mitaani serves as a marker of youth identity, being one asset in the Nimwagie matako kubwa complex of youth culture which is also articulated in music, dance, clothing, hair style, way Nimwagie matako kubwa walking, sports, urban lifestyle etc.
The football metaphor works also with regard to sexual relationships with women. In a next step zi, proably an Nimwagie matako kubwa version of the English plural marker, has been suffixed.
In students of the college were asked which of those lexemes were still in use, which had been replaced, and which had become completely obsolete. Many young people dream of becoming a successful rapper as a way to achieve wealth and prestige. The sweetness of sitting on a cock 2 min.
A clue to the answer would be to look at who uses a certain variety in what kinds of contexts to communicate what message. The term ngozi for example has three different meanings, i.
There are also terms denoting homosexual men as well as women which are taken from the domain of food. One common explanation by Tanzanians themselves is that many LyM items are more to the point than their Standard Swahili near-equivalent. Ngiba yonau? Boasting has much to do with communication, therefore we present this domain here Of mobile phones, Asmaa ali their use and a few relating to the internet Mobile phones are objects of prestige which also symbolise the new era in Tanzania.
Sweet things 29 sec 29 sec Bongokali. He wants a cock 33 sec. The cognitive Nimwagie matako kubwa is the perceived deficiency in both cases. If in situations such as these the male interlocutor retorts, this easily results in a series of mutual dissing.
Printed texts can be helpful in the dating of terms. Regarding its form, what are the linguistic features of this style of speaking? Before the liberalisation, newspapers observed the standard form, and colloquialisms were mainly found in literary dialogues in novels cf, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
Knowing LzM Xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx. Zxxxx Dar es Salaam is like a sign of being initiated موراهقين the life in town, or a line of demarcation between the ones who know and those who do not.
To put it in another way, it is not just lexical items which constitute LyM discourse, but it is rather the gesture of using any old abusive terms in a string of jocular dissing here. Kwenda huko! There we find the cognitive motivation of form gobolecolour wekundu wa msimbaziimage karumeNimwagie matako kubwa, function alasiritemporal coincidence with other phenomena jeroand even experience associated with money uchache.
This is reflected Nimwagie matako kubwa the numerous lexemes that evaluate the female body. A number of pejorative terms denoting newcomers in the city Nimwagie matako kubwa directly to their rural origin mbushi, mporipori. In the case of mavituz there is even double prefixing. Quick, quick, translate for me the words you were talking! Mau lahiran 55 sec, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
Do you have marijuana? Yuhu gunja jemaseana? Things get more complicated still, since original dysphemistic motivations might fade out quickly. In what way are Lugha za Mitaani different and why?
First, none of the invectives marked by underscoring could actually be taken as uncontroversially belonging to LyM. Those items which could marked by bold actually do not occur in the culmination of the dissing exchange.
One speech act which figures quite prominently in negotiations of public image is to tell someone off and to drastically signalise the termination of interaction and a rupture of social relations. The number of items per domain is related to its importance in the world of the creators and speakers of LyM, i. The underlying common concept is that of consumption. These aspects will be discussed in section five.
From the male point of view, women obviously are grouped in several categories, Nimwagie matako kubwa. It is entitled Kifimbocheza na wachafuzi wa lugha, i. What kinds of meaning do they have to their users?
The only instance of this found in LyM so far is an insertion of the English plural suffix —s to Swahili nouns, as in a. Consumer habits obviously are different between young men and women, but are not yet explored in detail. In close connection to this, the seventh chapter deals with the utilisation of Nimwagie matako kubwa in mediated discourse and how LyM Nimwagie matako kubwa used as an expressive resource in medial reflection of reality, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
Thus, it is typically learned by adolescents in peer-groups and used in informal settings to communicate the meta-message of solidarity and toughness.
Novels from the s and s, newspapers — especially the yellow press — and song texts of popular music were also used as sources of LyM.
They not only play a vital role in the diffusion of LyM, but also in some cases are the sources of new terms see below section 7. Ohly 8 observes three of them: women in general, attractive women, and unattractive women. It should be noted that Kinyume is applied to standard as well as non-standard lexical items, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
Nani analitumia? This is manifest in a set of LyM nouns in m- which seem to be derived from prior nouns of similar meaning without m-prefix, attested in Swahili slang reported by Ohly In cases such as dingi, LyM seems to preserve a situation of free variation of a form with or without prefix m. It is translated into Standard Swahili plus an English equivalent.
Mzungu wa nne, denoting a sleeping position of two people in one bed, one head up, the other head down, was by one informant explained as sleeping position of two people, back to back, with feet bended. Piss off! LyM: Huyu njagu anasemaje? Further research is needed to explore them in detail.
Shepherd speaks of the paid and Sex the offic paying partner, the latter usually, but not necessarily, taking an active role during intercourse Other terms concern kinship-relations maza, shemand friendship-relations regardless to sex damdam, mshikaji.
These are: indigenous languagesFrenchIndian languagesItalianGermanNimwagie matako kubwa, and Russian Most Nimwagie matako kubwa them seem to be borrowed from Sheng, but in some cases it could also be the other way round, or parallel processes could be responsible. This genre of playful insults, first observed by Labov among Afroamerican youths in Main di sawa indo, is frequently employed to release tension in situations of potential conflict Augensteinserving a function equivalent to Nimwagie matako kubwa relationships Radcliffe-Brown She, however, feels annoyed and molested and rejects their blunt advance which results in a sequence of jocular dissing.
The latter is also used to download pornographic sites. We found, for example, Nimwagie matako kubwa, that our female informants did not know the whole range of terms used by young men to denote women.
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Thus, our dictionary unites the synchronic and diachronic aspects of LyM in providing a glimpse into the living contemporary language and at the same time viewing it as the outcome of processes of creative cognitive manipulation. The assignment to classes varies among the lexemes which denote women.
Others are kinabo, mgoroko, mjombamjomba, Nimwagie matako kubwa, mlugaluga, and yeboyebo for etymologies see the dictionary. Thus at first glance, one source of LyM items is transfer from English, illustrated in They are instead altered phonologically, morphologically and semantically, Nimwagie matako kubwa. He collects the fare from them and announces the stops. For further examples of onomastic synecdoche see section 7 on LyM and the media.
All these factors contribute to the enormous range of social networks through which the LyM discourse style is spread. The hyperbolic effect of a Nimwagie matako kubwa exaggeration could be achieved either by metaphors that operate with semantic incompatibilities, e. In fact, the whole field of communication between the sexes on matters concerning their relationship, as well as discourses on the respective opposite sexes among sexmates is not sufficiently explored as yet. Still in the periphery etymologies tend to become less known.
Information on time-depth and frequency or restrictions of use is given wherever data were available. The poetic making of Lugha ya Mitaani Since the spirit of the LyM style of speaking lives in its lexical creations, it is necessary to take a closer look at the strategies of manipulation applied to create new items from pre- existing ones. These cards ar called mzungu Wight gorixxx they show European-type images.
The Nimwagie matako kubwa of homosexual men is called shobo za kisista du. These in turn are endowed with prestige through their use in the media.
Particularly questions 2 and 4 could not be addressed in full depth, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Come here, you cat.
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Learn to love your national language! The dictionary in appendix 3 comprises more than entries, presenting the major part of this database. This language is used very much by youths in Nimwagie matako kubwa city when they try to find a way to communicate with each other without the police knowing. The lexemes accumulate in the fields of chatting 26gossip and spreading of news 27telling lies and cheating 28keeping quiet or holding back something 29and not being able to speak well Others are: scolding, provoking, speaking empty words, seducing, Nimwagie matako kubwa, mocking, praising.
How does its form reflect its functions? Shadafa M. His mother, Nimwagie matako kubwa, 45, has been living in Dar es Salaam for about fifteen years, Nimwagie matako kubwa. A complementary line of investigation will have to take into account Nimwagie matako kubwa attitudes various social groups take on the LyM way of speaking see section 3. Each body then would have the form of a number 4.
The article is supplemented by a LyM dictionary which contains more than words and phraseologisms. The fourth chapter looks into lexical elaboration from the onomasiological angle, i. They are watched at home, in public showrooms, and in the internet. It would be a topic for further research Nimwagie matako kubwa investigate the kind of LyM that is used by women Plumber Mikaela pascal the compounds where often many people live together.
Another well developed semantic field comprises terms that denote the state of being broke Mining as a very special economic sector has produced its own lexemes, of which we have collected few The terms mainly represent a male angle of view.
Regarding their functions, why do they deviate? Since when is this word in use? The categorizing of women by men as well as women would be worth to be studied further. The creative processes involved in the formation of place names are especially interesting see etymologies in the dictionary. All these examples were elicited from informants or extracted from texts in newspapers, novels, and lyrics of popular music.
Unafikiri kila demu amekuja Club hana hela bwana! His hands would look like an ananas nanasi Wowowo, denoting the big behind of a woman, is based on a dance style of that name.
Nimwagie matako kubwa it is our duty to tell them something, Nimwagie matako kubwa. In these cases people tend to knock up their own etymologies which seem logic to them. In actual discourse, typically girlfriends figure as objects of boasting On Nimwagie matako kubwa one hand, boasting is employed as a legitimate strategy to gain a positive image, but on the other hand it is frowned upon, since it imposes a pressure onto others to draw level verbally.
These phraseologisms often combine several strategies of semantic manipulations, i. It is often achieved by manipulating or shortening the official name. He also designed the style of the dictionary, with etymological explanations and authentic sentences meant to illustrate the lexical items in use. The metaphor is motivated by similarity in shape between the stout short and strong stature of Kawawa and the short stick for the transfer gear.
This requires a good knowledge of the infrastructure of the city, for example how to avoid the dangers of particular places or situations. Sometimes the nasal is treated as belonging to a separate syllble of it own, seen in the variant nguja of the same item njagu.
This informant obviously did not play cards, and thus did not know that the king in a deck of cards, Nimwagie matako kubwa, from Nimwagie matako kubwa image the LyM term is derived, in Swahili is called mzungu wa nne, Nimwagie matako kubwa. According to Degera, this code is used to convey secret messages. A third parameter of distortion which is widely attested in other urban youth languages of Africa such as Nouchi in Abidjan, Camfranglais in Cameroon and Sheng in Kenya is strikingly absent in LyM: morphological hybridisation, i.
It seems that, especially when the event, personality or fashion that has led to the creation of a particular lexical item is not present any longer, folk etymologies arise in order to explain its origin e. Vijiwe are nothing new, but because of juvenile unemployment they have become a mass phenomenon in urban areas. The terms in represent stages in a progressive Beautiful aunty white nailed, i.
However, this is a source domain of some importance. It must be noted that people in Tanzania generally are aware of the phenomenon of LyM and they often interpret it in the context of the growth of Swahili, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
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Conversely, there is no evidence from our data that Kinyume-words have become part of LzM. It consists of terminal clipping plus prefixing ti- to every word in a sentence. Beside its use in popular newspapers and magazines LyM is increasingly employed as an expressive resource in popular literature Acquaviva and in comics such as Madenge and Komredi Kipepe by Chris Katembo Beez It is very clear though that it is not the case that LyM is the general rule in Bongo Fleva lyrics, as claimed by Englert Englert 88 also observes a tendency for LyM to be used not as a Nimwagie matako kubwa which permeates the entire lyrics, but rather as a register which could be switched on by the artist to voice a special message of involvement, 30 With permission of Sani.
Elder people generally reject being talked to in this language. Sometimes they leave the place in order to move to the sports field to play football, Nimwagie matako kubwa, or they go to get some booze or smoke marijuana. Vijana tu, au hata wazee? However, there is evidence that it could be derived from an older slang term limpopo with the same meaning Ohly a: Often a humoristic effect is achieved by a deliberate violation of their combinatorial properties with respect to semantic compatibility.
It is not always clear if a dysphemistic intention is involved in Nimwagie matako kubwa creation of a new term, since the connotations from the cultural background cannot be assessed, Nimwagie matako kubwa. It is the whole frame that gives them their meaning.
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Seen in this light, many metaphors which seem to be far fetched on first glance turn out to be clearly related to the item in comparison, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Some are well established or on the verge of becoming part of Standard Swahili, others are rather rare. Rather a higher degree of elaboration in recent LyM could be observed in the domains of communication, violence and crime, Nimwagie matako kubwa. The numbers derive from the value of the respective cards. That points to the importance of communication in the life of the creators and users of LyM.
According to their size, the total of 56 single domains that were identified can be grouped as follows: - 60 items: CommunicationNimwagie matako kubwa 69Money 69Experience 69Women 64 ; 59 - 40 items: Clothing 54Movement 51 Sex 45Quality 46Body 41 ; 39 - 20 items: Food 35Social status 34Nimwagie matako kubwa, Economy 34Violence 33Alcohol 26Drugs 26Place 22Female Body 21Address 20 ; 19 - 10 items: Men 19Social Relationship 18Disease 18Education 16Crime 15Drug experience 15 ; Form 15, Homosexuals 14Parts of Body 13Reproduction 1315 The sub-fields are ordered according to their size.
We are aware that our collection is not exhaustive, but we presume that it represents a large part of more common LyM items.
Thus, in the third chapter we present the general Alan Waka profile of LyM as a young urban style of speaking. In regard to the creative processes involved in terms denoting women, Nimwagie matako kubwa play a role. This is due to the economic situation where regular employment is granted to relatively few. Most lexical items are illustrated for their use in one or more sentences. What does this policeman say?
The kapelo can come any time, man! It is because of this continuous change that a conventional dictionary of LyM does not suffice. It is also mentioned by C. Stigand 71 ff. Methodology 2. One way to find access to this complex, independent of authentic discourse data collected by oneself in the field, is to explore how LyM usage is reflected in or manipulated via media such as film, music, comics, newspapers and the internet see section 7.
In fact, the number of youths without regular employment has risen so much in recent years, that they have become a factor in the political debate. Most of the borrowing happens with English All other donor languages only contribute to a minor degree.
Electricity is used as a source domain for AIDS, e. As a rule, only those items have been included that were confirmed by at least two informants or found in print, audio or video sources.
A substantial part of the field research was lexicographic in nature, complemented by ethnographic methods see chapter two. Globalisation facilitates access to phenomena of youth culture in other countries, especially in America. On the other hand the data show that women are perceived as dangerous, unfaithful and exploitative.
The youths usually meet in the afternoon in groups of five to ten at their kijiwe, a shady place they have adopted for this purpose. Normally young people consent to this rule, like Martha L. For her, Nimwagie matako kubwa, LyM is a register which she uses in contexts of informal conversation among her agemates and to a certain extent even towards older and married women. In contrast, the popular media are near to the people and quick to pick up new words and expressions.
Many terms denoting criminal acts have to do with stealing 90cheating 91and harming people physically There are a range of terms denoting police 93 and police cars 94as well as matters related Desi boys Pakistan prison Thus it is not surprising that the domain of food is well elaborated in LyM.
Contributing to the importance of the domain of food in the LyM lexicon is the experience of low qualitiy and sometimes insufficient alimentation in boarding schools, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
All in all we found mostly tolerance towards LyM as a particular phenomenon of the transitional stage of adolescence. However, as we did not have access our data may represent only a small part of it. It must be noted that beside its social function kupiga stori is entertainment, Nimwagie matako kubwa, an entertainment which is free of charge, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
In that respect, they resemble the terms for henpecked men. This reflects the fact that the creators of LyM, i. At times the working sessions were long and required endurance. There is also variation in respect to the semantics of certain words. Pupils get Nimwagie matako kubwa reduction of fifty percent in daladalas, whereas soldiers have to pay nothing at all. However, this term is rather used outside Dar es Salaam than in the city itself.
The youths are between fifteen and thirty years old, Nimwagie matako kubwa, unmarried, and without particular occupation or job.
There are a number of terms denoting money in general 48Nimwagie matako kubwa, paper money 49and coins The great number of those terms results from the different motivations for metonymies and metaphors, such as size, form, colour, image, function, and value.
This raises a question of delimitation: is it enough for a stretch of discourse to qualify as Nimwagie matako kubwa instance of LyM style of speaking if this stretch contains abusive items in a string, Nimwagie matako kubwa, or is it necessary for them also to clearly belong to the LyM register? Watu wanaoikuza lugha hiyo hasa ni vijana na waimbaji wa muziki aina ya taarabu yaani mipasho. The language of university students is represented by Ali Nkoma, 24, and Joyce T.
Besides these principal informants and assistants, a number of Tanzanian friends have also contributed by giving etymologies or examples of the use of LyM items, or by commenting on the article, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Time did not allow for asking each informant the whole range of questions. Owning a mobile phone is also a sign of prestige, Nimwagie matako kubwa, although that depends to a certain degree on the model.
Note that the nicknaming of places is widespread. Respect prevents people who use LyM as a register from using it in situations socially regarded as improper, whereas self-respect prevents people with knowledge of LyM from using it at all. On the other hand football is an important source domain for metaphors and metonymies see 5.
You are making it an issue that I have come to dance with you. A closer look on source domains and cognitive motivation will be enlightening in this respect. The city was given that name in the Ujamaa era already, where it was particularly difficult for people without permission to migrate to Dar es Salaam. White medicine 6 sec 6 sec Official Shy Utamu.
Colloquials are as well represented as specific items used in certain youth groups like, for example, students. At that point Uta Reuster-Jahn joined the research, expanding its scope in order to find out more about the specificity of LyM in respect to age, gender, education, occupation, and rural vs. Never behind in recognizing trends, the Nimwagie matako kubwa agencies have also discovered the promotional potential of LyM, and exploit it for their purposes.
Furthermore, every lemma is indexed for at least one semantic domain so as to enable queries by semantic criteria. The study revealed that only about half of the items were still in use.
Therefore they lack elaboration for marking social stratification by indicating respect such as Standard Swahili shikamoo — marahaba ; instead solidarity is highlighted in greetings, with economic matters employed as a primary point of reference. Shave Those Cockroaches And Penis 5 min. Videos are popular, and not confined to young people. The fact that stress is placed on the Nimwagie matako kubwa syllable also in the output form, in perfect accordance with Swahili phonotactic rules, contributes much to disguising the source item.
It is also a metaphor which is based on the shared property of steadiness and immovability. However, not all etymologies are generally known, and in some cases informants offered differing versions, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
A beautiful woman cutting Nimwagie matako kubwa penis 3 min. His sister Maria, 26, Nimwagie matako kubwa, also lives in Dar es Salaam where she works in a Nimwagie matako kubwa saloon in Upanga. This becomes manifest in witty idiomatic expressions in where it could happen that all components are actually Standard Swahili, but the phraseme as a unit could be addressed as belonging to the LyM register, some of them listed as misemo ya mitaani by Kihore A special instance of creating humoristic effects could be seen in the strategy of derivative transposition of a noun into class 7 in order to refer to a person, drawing on the metonymic potential of class 7 to view persons under the aspect of one single salient property Contini- Morava n.
Its status is ambivalent to some extent, since it has prestige among the youths, but tends to be frowned upon by the older generations, Nimwagie matako kubwa Sources in the database pertaining to informants and assignment of lemmas to semantic domains have been suppressed in the dictionary.
Clusters of oral consonant plus preceding homorganic nasal are mostly treated as belonging to one syllable in this formula, Nimwagie matako kubwa, e. Europeans also serve as a basis for metaphors and metonymies Most of them are euphemistic.
Some metaphors structure target domains by Nimwagie matako kubwa symmetrical transfer of antonymic pairs from a source domain. We have not been able to collect data directly from conversations of vijana wa vijiweni, but the predominance of some semantic domains in the lexicon of LyM suggests that women, alcoholic drinks, Nimwagie matako kubwa, drugs, small criminal deals, and the police feature as important themes.
It should be noted here that school, college and university campuses always produce some special lexicon Nimwagie matako kubwa school matters, Nimwagie matako kubwa. This is especially the case with anti and sista, which are taken from the source domain of kinship-relations. Nunga nanasi, meaning a man who has not got himself a wife, has been brought up by a popular song. Quite a number of these denote homosexuals 20 Nimwagie matako kubwa, followed by those denoting effeminate and henpecked men Four terms refer to male occupations 16two are nicknames for political personalities One refers to sexual Sénégal femme 5_6 17and three to intersexual relations The terms for male homosexuals are to be found in 4.
Whereas many view it as a sign of the liveliness of Swahili, others conceive it as destructive to the language of the nation. The domain of humans is complex, comprising three elaborated sub-domains: 1 terms that can be applied to both sexes 17, 2 terms exclusively denoting women, and 3 terms exclusively denoting men. Within this Nimwagie matako kubwa we discern sensory Nimwagie matako kubwa 80amazement 81fear, shame, angriness, and threatening 82unrest and confusion Nimwagie matako kubwapremonition 84enjoyment and love 85disappointment and unkindness Degera, one of the functions of LyM is to exclude the police from overhearing conversations among youths, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
In formal settings LyM is also inadequate. It must be noted that the terms denoting homosexuals are mostly used in a contemptuous way, in slandering and abuse. The examples show that the order of syllables in disyllabic and trisyllabic words is completely reversed. All meanings are probably motivated by the property of solidness.
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On the other hand there is polysemy. Some informants wrote lists, other items were mentioned in conversation. Therefore the more fleshy examples below have been drawn from medialised and artistically manipulated discourse such as films and HipHop lyrics The generalisations presented here will have to be checked and elaborated by a discourse analytical approach, Nimwagie matako kubwa, ideally in the framework of the ethnography of speaking.
This stout man was the one who implemented unpopular political measures. In each cartoon a number of words are translated into Standard Swahili. Neno hili limetumika tangu lini? Black Cock in BBW 2 min. There are many. Other girls are coming in mini-skirts [to dance]. Franco Livigha, 33, grew up Nimwagie matako kubwa Nachingwea and came to Dar es Salaam in Nimwagie matako kubwa lives in the 8 At that point the results were presented at the Swahili Colloquium held at Bayreuth University, Germany, 6.
This is largely due to the liberalisation of media in the context Nimwagie matako kubwa political change after the end of the Ujamaa era. On the morphosemantic level, LyM neologisms Nimwagie matako kubwa the chance to study the integration of lexical items into the morphological system of the language, providing a testing ground for hypotheses relating to the vitality of semantic criteria in the assignment of nouns to genders. Both siblings have completed primary school.
An example shall illustrate this. Both of his prominent features — stoutness and power — motivated Big ass prolaps metaphorical transfer to the short extra stick used to put in the 4-wheel-drive gear in an old Landrover. Amina sucks cock cock 8 sec, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
Some are offensive, Nimwagie matako kubwa, many are not. However, individual lexica depend on social parameters such as age, gender, education, occupation, and rural or urban environment. Anal fuck, anal viscosity, black dick 15 sec 15 sec Blackdildoh. However, it should be noticed that a number of them are gender specific.
This process was in part dependent on the change in the college environment. These are not particularly restricted to urban youth groups, but are in use all over the country by many people.
It also brings in concepts that were hitherto not represented in the standard form of Swahili. Bid dick fucking hot blackass 45 sec. We were told that in former times, Nimwagie matako kubwa, when people from up-country arrived by train in Dar Nimwagie matako kubwa Salaam they were called wazungu wa reli. Only the cooperation of many made the dictionary possible and helped us to better understand the phenomenon of LyM. We therefore want to express our sincere gratitude for the contribution of our informants and assistants, and our appreciation of their willingness to share their knowledge with us.
A lexical analysis of reveals two remarkable points. This epenthesis might be motivated by Swahili restrictions of syllable structure, reflecting an advanced stage of integration of these hybrid plurals. In order to properly identify these processes of coinage, Nimwagie matako kubwa, one has to take into account prior forms and meanings which have preceded the contemporary ones, i.
The male body does not receive much attention, but some terms are gender neutral High attention is payed to male clothing 41 as well as female clothing Like fashion comes and goes the terms with respect to special clothes are among those which are conjected to rapid change. Whatsapp Kuma sweet Kuma viscous intercourse Kuma viscous intercourse Kuma sweet 89 sec.
Non-drug-users had only partial knowledge of the drug lexicon. Figurative verbal phrases denote the acquisition of the HIV-virus, as well as the symptoms Two basic ones are the living quarters in town where settlement is characterised by vichochoro narrow paths between housesvs. Unajua asili ya neno hili? In words Nimwagie matako kubwa up of more than three syllables, Nimwagie matako kubwa, the exceeding ones are left in their normal order after the third one.
We can only give a preliminary report on these aspects here. Prostitutes all regions 50 sec. And Nimwagie matako kubwa j through m there is a kind of combat by calling each other names. LyM is not only connected to youths, but also to Dar es Salaam, the cultural and economic centre of Tanzania.
They do not work on the base of a contract, but are getting a small share by the daladala personnel. Nimwagie matako kubwa you know the origin of this word? Still, 14 This was already observed by Ohly a: 8.
Accordingly, she worked with a number of informants differing in these respects. The exact dating of items is generally not easy. This is testified by openers such as dili zako vipi? There is especially little data on the evaluation of men by women. The food metaphor is very much present, Nimwagie matako kubwa, as well as an accentuation of the active role of the male part.
Cross-references make it Nepali xxx movi for near synonyms. The analysis focuses on form, function, mediation and general comparative sociolinguistic issues of Lugha ya Mitaani. Informants in general could roughly date newer items within a time depth of about ten years. We have already danced with women like Miss Venezuela there. This is especially expressed by verbs such as piga, Nimwagie matako kubwa, chapa, gonga, kaza, tia, vuta, Nimwagie matako kubwa, which reflect a certain degree of aggressiveness.
Utajiju conveys a jocular meaning in this context. This attitude breeds shifts, Nimwagie matako kubwa, metaphoric and metonymic, Nimwagie matako kubwa are not easily comprehensible for outsiders and which contribute to the attractiveness of this style of speaking. Other instances of motivation by form are illustrated in This can be well illustrated by the LyM lexemes denoting money. Major Bongo Fleva formations such as Gangwe Mobb also have an internet presence www.
We have put all lexical items here which relate to the senses and emotions, except those related to drug experience. The examples in 34 relate to media and entertainment. And what are you telling me, you country bumpkin, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Normally, they are not yet married but seem to be occupied with sexuality as can be deduced from the lexicon regarding women and sex.
The rapid spread from the centre to the periphery is mainly due to the high rate of mobility, especially of youths, in Tanzania. However, in the end we realised that it was motivated by analogy of form between the silhouette of a cowboy wearing his weapon-belt, and large hips of a woman This drum is carried in front of the belly. Since LyM is an emergent medium of horizontal communication among youths, greetings are elaborated primarily on the basis of exchanges among equals.
The field of cognitive motivation, which was rather briefly examined in former publications, allows the researcher to understand what is important in the everyday life of youths in Tanzania. My friend, if we could get some vumba to mix … I mean, this nyunyu, mh! The eighth chapter finally discusses LyM from a comparative sociolinguistic point of view: how do the findings relate to the general picture of phenomena of language birth in Africa and to the emergence of youth languages in particular?
Our research revealed that even elder people often have considerable knowledge of LyM. This might be specific to Dar es Salaam, as we do not have data from other places. However, borrowing also plays a prominent role. Even delicate issues such as those connected to sexual behaviour had to Sushma jadhav sex video addressed. Where do Lugha za Mitaanii deviate Nimwagie matako kubwa Standard Kiswahili?
Lexical elaboration From an onomasiological angle, LyM words and phraseologisms cluster in semantic domains Nimwagie matako kubwa elaborated in youth jargons, reflecting major preoccupations. Hence, there are only few terms relating to weapons in our collection. Some of them are old or even obsolete, others are brandnew. Thus, there is a tendency for nouns referring to humans to be reassigned to class 1 by prefixation of m. Nimwagie matako kubwa who newly arrives in the city has to learn his lessons, often the hard way.
AY stands up and approaches them. People without such permission were caught in the operesheni kuzuia uzururaji Operation Prevent Loitering. Remove ads Ads by TrafficFactory. I mean, people listen to us. For young men it is predominantly a group activity, whereas women take part when invited by men.
However, the extent to which this type of phonotactic distortion is utilised in LyM and according to which circumstances it might be employed is not at all clear, Nimwagie matako kubwa. WIFE Being Nimwagie matako kubwa on the outside 2 min. About items, especially adjectives and adverbs could not be allocated meaningfully. Some LyM neologisms seem to have been strongly popularised via songs, e. Wenzako wanaingia na vimini. Do you think every girl to come to a nightclub has no money, man?
Because people often do not know on what they will live tomorrow, their thoughts focus very much on money. Our data was collected in multiphase Nimwagie matako kubwa cooperative research, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
In Ndanda Reuster-Jahn worked with a group of high school students. Because, what street-words often do: they cut short. Others had changed slightly, whereas Nimwagie matako kubwa had become obsolete, and new ones had been created. Ali, ulikwenda shule? Since it was not possible to obtain authentic oral discourse he collected texts and letters initiated by his informants themselves who felt inspired to express their linguistic competence of Lugha ya Mitaani in written form see appendix 1.
A number of terms denote the speed of a movement 71some relate to sitting 72some to coming and arriving The daladala minibuses are the means of transport for many people in Dar es Salaam, and the daladala personnel have their own វិដáŸáž¢áž¼ áž…áž·ážáž‚្នា ឈ្មោះប៊ុន សាន ស្រីážáŸ’ម and use of language Ships and airplanes are the means to reach richer countries, something many youths dream of By far most of them express positive evaluation.
Swahili: Bangi unayo? Invoking restrictions on Swahili syllable structure may account for the epithetic vowels in neti and dili, but it does Nimwagie matako kubwa explain the metonymic semantic changes observed which produce what might be called pseudo-anglicisms from the perspective of the donor language AbdulazizOhly b, Irira Urban youth language, however, Nimwagie matako kubwa, stands out from some of these other phenomena of deliberate language manipulation in that it combines an artistic, a competitive and Nimwagie matako kubwa provocative element.
Kinyume until now has not been explored in detail. Only few of them have been incorporated in the dictionary Metonymies based on form are widely used to denote school results They are confined to the context of actual matches, where we did not Nimwagie matako kubwa our research und thus collected only Nimwagie matako kubwa items.
The terms denoting homosexuals have been treated in 4, Nimwagie matako kubwa. You superstar of Tanzania! This means that more attention was given to the users and their linguistic attitudes, as well as to their use of LyM items in discourse, Nimwagie matako kubwa.
The importance of a good and fashionable look is also reflected in the verbs Nimwagie matako kubwa to appearance Adornment, like jewelry and watches plays a role All in all the composition of this domain reflects that the creators of LyM are male. Evidently from the s on, additional factors have started to contribute to the power of LyM. Defeloration factors are globalisation and popular media.
Presumably the semantic domain relating to these areas is well elaborated. Kwa sababu mara nyingi maneno ya mitaani yanachofanya ni kufupisha. Lexemes denoting homosexuals are accommodated in a group of their own because they are numerous. Thus Kinondoni in Dar es Salaam came to be called Kino.
Many LyM nouns and ideophones which refer to states of experience in the widest sense, i. Even in the Ujamaa era, music played a role in the spreading of LyM items. The suka is concerned with matters relating to traffic, whereas the konda handles the passengers. Sweet penis 20 sec. Not only the lexical items are important, Nimwagie matako kubwa also the processes that Nimwagie matako kubwa to their creation, as well as their use in context.
In these cases it is only by internal reconstruction and reference to older sources that prior application of dysphemism could be inferred. Inspektah Harounprofessor e.
May, He provided a lot of etymological information. Now the situation has changed a lot: the yellow press makes ample use of LyM, whereas writers of novels are moderate in that respect, Nimwagie matako kubwa. It predominantly comprises verbs. It could only be obtained by participant observation, which poses difficulties to the researcher. Thus, Kihore points out the role of the magazeti ya mitaani, street journals, Nimwagie matako kubwa, such as Kasheshe, Macho, Maisha, Tabasamu, Tunu and Zungu etc.
Media, predominantly the radio, also contribute to the diffusion of LyM items. Associated with them are young men who direct the passengers to the daladalas, which is called pigia debe.
These euphemisms tend to cluster in contexts of secret and criminal activities, though it seems that they are used not in order to veil illegitimate criminal purposes or unfavourable conditions, but rather for the sake of celebrating an ambivalent and provocative difference in point of view on a socially stigmatised activity, i.
They are not compared to meat as is a common metaphor for womenbut to bwabwa soft cooked rice and chakula as a generic term, Nimwagie matako kubwa. Some of these also convey some kind of contempt for people who put efforts in learning and studying, maybe motivated by envy.
Special cases of onomastic synecdoche are involved in the naming of countries after their leading personage This reflects a concept embedded in traditional culture, where family settlements are attributed to a head. There are also examples where the English plural suffix —s is expanded to —zi, Nimwagie matako kubwa, as in b.