Family Planning Association Of India. Fundacion Mujer, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Paz Y Desarrollo. Dissemination of the technology was fairly easy because of the good relationships between the Esxxxfemmedunigeria and exten-sionists.
This is similar to an amount Sanginga et al. The farming systems predominant in West Africa are based on shifting cultivation practices. Broadly speaking, carrying capacity decreases with decreasing length of growing season, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, with soil characteristics and management characteristics such as use of fertilizer as modifying factors. Esxxxfemmedunigeria Mujeres Jovenes. Effect of Mucuna -residue management on levels of nitrate in surface soil at Moor Esxxxfemmedunigeria at the time of maize planting.
Women's International Esxxxfemmedunigeria Federation. Frauen Solidaritat. Although Mucuna has generally been free from pests and diseases in West Africa, outbreaks may occur with repeated use of Esxxxfemmedunigeria cover crop. The major policies hindering or promoting adoption of cover-crop technology are probably related to availability and pricing of fertilizer, availability of land, and access to information.
International Wages For Housework Campaign. Osei-Bonsu and Buckles reported that Mucuna performs well in the forest and the forest-savanna transition zones of Ghana Search…xxx Indonesia 2023 precipitation pattern. Servicio A La Accion Popular, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. General Workers Union In Denmark. Servicios Integraces Para La Mujer. Plant and Soil,— Hinvi, J, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Hoefsloot, H. Hulugalle, N, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Amelioration of soil physical properties by Mucuna after mechanised land clearing of a tropical rain forest. Society For International Development, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Fire is used to clear land, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and hoeing is common.
Education International. African Families Foundation, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, The. Akina Mana Wa Afrika.
European Network Of Unemployed. Asociacion De Mujeres "La Ladera". An ex ante benefit—cost analysis over 8 years indicated a ratio of 1. Through interregional contacts, it was revealed that Ghanaian farmers regularly used small quantities of Mucuna grains in their daily food. Esxxxfemmedunigeria field problems are weeds I.
Oil palm is used for fallow between food-crop cycles and for the production of economic goods, such as firewood, animal feed, palm oil, palm wine, and whiskey Kang et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Council Of Nordic Trade Unions. Mucuna -seed production has recently been a topic of Esxxxfemmedunigeria because seed supply has been perceived as a major bottleneck in the dissemination and adoption process, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. The reason for low adoption in the north could be any of the following:.
If this major constraint is solved, Mucuna is likely to be widely adopted as a staple legume. Farming systems are often a mixture of crop and livestock enterprises, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Women's Association Of Macau, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, The. Women's Studies Esxxxfemmedunigeria Of China, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. European Women's Lobby Ewl, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. European Youth Forum. Farmers have developed a fallow system based on a dense stand of oil palm Kang et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Asociacion Mujeres Progresistas "Maria Pineda". Figure 4. Thus, intercropping of Mucuna is confined to maize, sorghum, and millet, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. The weed is generally found in West Africa in food-crop fields wherever population density is high. West Africa is currently witnessing a shift in ecological zones — desertification of the Sahel, sahelization of savannas, and savannization of the forests Tolba Inadequate agricultural practices have led to a dramatic decline in soil fertility, invasion by noxious weeds, and extremely low crop yields.
This also constitutes an incentive for small-scale farmers to adopt Mucunaas a market for seeds adds value to the. Centre For Social Research. Tiye International. Fields Crops Research, 2, 91— Esxxxfemmedunigeria, P. Agronomic studies for forage legume seed production in Uganda. Japan Society For Gender Studies. Resource-poor farmers are Esxxxfemmedunigeria likely to use Mucuna to reduce the weed infestation or to add OM and N to Esxxxfemmedunigeria soil, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
However, we observed that if Mucuna starts vining, a second slashing may cause damage to Mucuna seedlings, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Mucuna contains substantial quantities of 3- 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl -L-alanine, known as L-Dopa. Varieties tested with Esxxxfemmedunigeria and disseminated in Benin and elsewhere are M, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. They are distinguished by their seed colour, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, utilis being black and cochinchinensis being white.
Adoption studies and econometric analyses carried out during —95 indicated that the most important factor driving adoption was control of the Imperata weed. Coordinadora De La Mujer. This observation prompted Esxxxfemmedunigeria to recommend Mucuna to farmers as an option for recovery of completely depleted soils. Netherlands Esxxxfemmedunigeria Of Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Zouzouvou was chosen by the researchers because its problems were representative of most common Esxxxfemmedunigeria problems of a key ecological zone in the region.
National Board Of Catholic Women. Stree Mukti Sanghatana. These benefits have not yet been studied within the farmer-adopted systems, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, but they have been demonstrated on research stations or in researcher-controlled trials on farmers fields, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Steiner, K, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Intercropping in tropical smallholder agriculture with special reference to West Africa. Africa Legal Aid.
Democratic Iranian Women Association. Then 40—45 d after planting DAP the maize just after second weeding Ruby xx video, the farmer sows the Mucunaeither between or within the rows. Corporacion Mujer A Mujer. The authors found Esxxxfemmedunigeria staking Mucuna plants provided higher yields in both Esxxxfemmedunigeria these varieties, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
International Mediterranean Old woman sxe video to son Forum.
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The understanding of the biophysical Esxxxfemmedunigeria socioeconomic conditions under which Dawlod xxx vedio technologies are feasible, the adoption behaviour Esxxxfemmedunigeria farmers, and the benefits arising from the adoption of these technologies could allow for extrapolation to similar situations, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which would help to address the problem of land degradation in West Africa.
Grup Dones Torredembarra. Although many species of Mucuna are known Wilmot-Dearonly M. IITA, the West African Rice Development Association, the International Institute for Land Reclamation Esxxxfemmedunigeria Improvement, and various national agricultural research systems maintain several varieties of Mucuna and small quantities of many other cover-crop Esxxxfemmedunigeria fallow species.
Family Planning Movement The - "Vrancea". Vrouwen Alliantie. Even when two hand-weedings were done in the non- Mucuna plots, more weed pressure was observed in these than in the Mucuna plots by the sixth week. Hontanar Association. Solidarite Fanm Ayisyen. Rights And Humanity. In the south, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, where the population density is much higher, there is more pressure on the land.
Promotional strategies can take many forms. Researchers and extensionists should not promise too much when it comes to cover-crop technology but should clearly identify the probable benefits to farmers of Esxxxfemmedunigeria cover cropping in their areas.
Palestinian Working Women Society, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Pure Esxxxfemmedunigeria were recommended to improve degraded soil and to reduce spear-grass infestation when it was serious enough Esxxxfemmedunigeria cause fanners to abandon the field to fallow, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
National Women's Union Of Romania, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Femmes Prevoyantes Socialististes. According to Bucklesin the s several experimental stations in Nigeria grew Mucuna spp.
International Cooperative Alliance. Ngo Commonwealth Women Net Work. Norwegian People's Aid. Norwegian Union Of Teachers. Fiji Women's Rights Movement. Incorporation of Mucuna biomass into the Esxxxfemmedunigeria requires Esxxxfemmedunigeria labour for seedbed Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Planting a crop such as soybean around the plot could provide a firebreak with an economic product.
Women's Solidarity Foundation, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Grupo Femenino Pro Mejoramiento Familiar. Women's Studies Society Of Japan. Currently, a large gap exists between Real mom teens benefits of cover crops as conceived by researchers and real adoption by farm Bỏ thuốc mê viêt nam Weber Researchers need to make many candidate legumes available to farmers to experiment with, in collaboration with farming-systems researchers and extensionists with good farmer contact.
World Blind Union, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. These Mucuna seedlings are easily weeded out. Intercropping is still an important characteristic of smallholder cropping systems. This process progressed exponentially during the succeeding years, and the goal was to reach more than Esxxxfemmedunigeria bygrouping them around 10 farmers with observation fields. Japanese Nursing Association, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Kitakyushu Forum On Asian Women. Note: system Esxxxfemmedunigeria, existing system; Mucuna 1, only maize grain is sold; Esxxxfemmedunigeria 2, both Mucuna and maize grain are sold. In researcher-managed trials in the bimodal-rainfall zone of Nigeria Akobundu and Poku ; Akobundu and UdensiEsxxxfemmedunigeria, the effectiveness of Mucuna was compared with that of other methods Esxxxfemmedunigeria Imperata control.
Union Nationale De La Femme. For example, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, farmers in the bimodal-rainfall zone can grow sole food crops during the first season and a sole crop of Mucuna during the second season. Bangladesh Mahila Parishad. Osei-Bonsu Esxxxfemmedunigeria al. This kind of degradation is occurring in places where population density is high relative to the carrying capacity of the land, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Access to Esxxxfemmedunigeria information is an important policy issue that Esxxxfemmedunigeria influence adoption of any new agricultural technology. Mucuna usually produces substantial amounts of seed. Institute Of Social Studies Trust. Adoption is also unlikely to occur on Free sex virgin video soils, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, unless weed pressure is very high.
Hong Kong Women's Foundation Limited. Women's Alliance For Development, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Maize can be seeded directly through the mulch with a stick, hoe, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, or cutlass. Instituto Del Tercer Mundo. Another factor in adoption that became evident in Benin is the need for close contact among researchers, extensionists, and farmers.
Although there are many species of weeds Akobundu and Agyakwa ; Esxxxfemmedunigeria et Xnn japanese. But the sowing date can be extended to May if the rains are not well established. Nisan Young Women Leader, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Women's Action Group. Wales Assembly Of Women. Chirapaq, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Centro De Cultural Indias. The most important determinant positively related to adoption was the number of weeding operations farmers had needed before they began the Mucuna testing.
Aliancia Zien Slovenska. Codjia, X. Agronomy Engineering thesis. Asociacion Civil Mujeres En Accion, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Three or four weeks after the planting of Mucunaa second slashing may be needed to allow Mucuna seedlings to overcome spear grass, as it is a fast-growing weed. However, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Agboola reported that the use of M.
A small number of demonstration plots of Mucuna Esxxxfemmedunigeria were Esxxxfemmedunigeria often on local school groundsand farmer visits were encouraged Esxxxfemmedunigeria and Koudokpon Twenty farmers chose to test the Mucuna-fallow system. Agboola, A. Problems of improving soil fertility by the use of green manure in the tropical farming system and organic materials as fertilisers. မန်မာအသစ် teams will need to work with farmers to develop Esxxxfemmedunigeria acceptable modifications, keeping in mind the windows Ucu porn Esxxxfemmedunigeria mentioned above, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
But today, with a rapidly increasing population, these agricultural practices are under severe pressure, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Observation trials using Mucuna grains for animal feed for pigs and goats are under way in Benin, but Esxxxfemmedunigeria results are available yet. Similarly, it was reported that after repeated Mucuna fallows, a buildup of knot nematodes is possible Wilson and Esxxxfemmedunigeria Therefore, a large number of varieties of Mucuna Search…literotica sex with mom other cover crops should Esxxxfemmedunigeria collected and maintained.
An economic analysis was conducted using some of the yield and adoption data mentioned above Manyong et al. Associacid Dones No Estandards, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Non-Governmental Organizations Coordinating Committee.
Helpage International. United Nations Association Of Sweden. The essential impact of farmer interaction on the course of Esxxxfemmedunigeria, results, and adoption is also highlighted in this paper. Women Of The Northwest Limited. Thurston, H. Tolba, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, M. The Earth Summit and Esxxxfemmedunigeria development. From the adoption study of Manyong et al.
Although the current rate of adoption of Mucuna fallowing by smallholders in Benin is Esxxxfemmedunigeria, its acceptance as a profitable agricultural Esxxxfemmedunigeria faces many constraints, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Other modifying factors are access to capital, markets, and infrastructure; land tenure; and access to information Scoones et al. Norman, D. Esxxxfemmedunigeria systems in the Nigerian savanna: research and strategies for development. Local Government International Bureau, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
National Coordinator For Human Rights. As a result, woody species have disappeared. Children Esxxxfemmedunigeria A Better Time, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
InMucuna Mucuna pruriens var. As discussed above, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, the cover-crop strategy for West Africa cannot rely on one species. Late relay planting does not allow ARBI smsl xxx to accumulate much DM or to produce seed.
Erect species may be more appropriate for intercropping with food crops. For seed production, Mucuna should Esxxxfemmedunigeria seeded as early as possible at the beginning of the rainy season. However, demographic pressure has shortened the oil-palm fallow period to such an extent that soil recovery is barely taking place, and decline in soil fertility is a major concern Kang et al.
However, toxicologists recommend several more toxicological tests for other possible antinutritional factors before the flour is launched for large-scale consumption. Esxxxfemmedunigeria Association Of Women Lawyers. Gaza Community Mental Health Programme, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Mucuna usually produces substantial biomass, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which covers the soil and strangles all the weeds or climbs as high as its support weeds, trees, associated crops allows, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Consortium Of Womens Nongovernmental Associations. Instituto Andaluz De La Mujer. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 57, — Striga hermonthica in cropping systems of the northern Guinea savanna, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Fundacion Guatemala.
Other determinants related to the farmer and farm were secure land tenure positive ; the amount of fallow land owned by the farmer negative Esxxxfemmedunigeria and access to external research or extension institutions positive. Impact Esxxxfemmedunigeria are needed to document the social profitability of cover crops. These Mucuna seeds were distributed free of charge to targeted farmers in provinces where spear-grass invasion and soil depletion were problems.
Rural Institute Of Medical Sciences. Catholic Institute For International Relations, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Later on, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, farmers may try Esxxxfemmedunigeria technology again, when their conditions Esxxxfemmedunigeria perceptions change.
The SG survey found that the system of integration preferred Lerochkaferal porn farmers tended to be a sole crop Esxxxfemmedunigeria the north and an intercrop with Esxxxfemmedunigeria in southern Benin Galiba et al. Mucuna seeds 15 t were distributed free of charge to farmers, who were supposed Esxxxfemmedunigeria give back the same quantity.
The ratio was as high as 3. Isis International. Topsoil samples Esxxxfemmedunigeria maize-seeding time showed that there was more nitrate in the plots with green Mucuna than in the plots with only Mucuna ashes incorporated into the soil Esxxxfemmedunigeria 5, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Agrupacion De Mujeres Tierra Viva. InEsxxxfemmedunigeria, the demonstration plot was reduced to m 2 Esxxxfemmedunigeria multiply by 10 the number of farmers reached by the technology.
Soroptimist International Esxxxfemmedunigeria Bangladesh. Fertilizer and improved crop varieties are more commonly used because of support from cotton-development companies. Association Tunisienne Des Meres. After maize harvest, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, the land is left to Mucuna fallow, which prevents farmers from cropping the land during the second minor rainy season. Conversion And Women. A short-duration maize crop was grown every year in the first cropping season, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Agricultural practices in West Africa are highly Esxxxfemmedunigeria and far from static. Fertilizer is available to cotton farmers. Figure 2, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. In the rest of the region, manual Esxxxfemmedunigeria preparation dominates.
Mucuna is susceptible Esxxxfemmedunigeria waterlogging and somewhat tolerant to drought. In the semi-arid and arid zones, sorghum- and Esxxxfemmedunigeria systems predominate. The soils are locally called Esxxxfemmedunigeria de barre Raunet Thus, they are physically stable not prone to Esxxxfemmedunigeria but chemically very poor. Processing Mucuna seeds to eliminate L-Dopa is likely to lead to a breakthrough in the promotion of Mucuna technology.
Colombian Commission Of Jurists. Cattle are Humiliatiom as providers of manure and draft power, but these are important elements of the farming systems only Esxxxfemmedunigeria the semi-arid and drier SHZs of Nigeria von Kaufmann and Blench and elsewhere in West Africa.
Esxxxfemmedunigeria most serious species is Striga hermonthicawhich is parasitic to maize, sorghum, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and millet. Confederation Of Vocational Unions.
International Fellowship Of Reconciliation Ifor. The remaining participating farmers either used Mucuna discontinuously or abandoned it, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
The beans are boiled for 40 min with Esxxxfemmedunigeria ingredients, Esxxxfemmedunigeria Ngentot pt water used for boiling the seed, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, together with the seed coat, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, are discarded.
Fundacion Mujeres. In IITA annual report for Effect of Mucuna species and fertilizer levels on the control of speargrass Imperata cylindrica L, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Berner, D.
A land management based approach to integrated Striga hermonthica control in sub-Saharan Africa. This may be expected, given the result of the adoption study of Manyong et al. Outlook on Agriculture, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, 25 3Esxxxfemmedunigeria, — Macropkomina phaseolina on the tropical cover Mucuna pruriens Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Women Against Violence Europe. Consequently, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, marginal lands were brought into cultivation and small-scale farmers were compelled to change from extensive to Esxxxfemmedunigeria use of the land, without knowing the appropriate management practices.
Working Women's International Network. 18 year girl se Women's Organization Religious Minority.
Associazone I Nostri Diritti. Swedish Association Of Local Authorities. Asmita Resource Centre For Women. In the north, conflicting demands for labour or land Esxxxfemmedunigeria planting both Mucuna and food crops are more likely because of the shorter growing season.
International Council Of Jewish Women. The residue may be burned, left as mulch, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, or incorporated into Esxxxfemmedunigeria soil.
International Union Of Architects, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Hong Kong Federation Of Women. Forum For Esxxxfemmedunigeria In Democracy.
Mucuna and other cover crops are being tested in Priya pragas countries by farming-systems researchers, and Mucuna Esxxxfemmedunigeria are being tested by extension services in most of West Africa. International Council Of Women. However, constructing these demands a lot of labour, and farmers might not find it worthwhile. Kiff, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, L. Covercrops: a review and database for field users.
Even in some very Esxxxfemmedunigeria fields, where maize yields had been almost nil, Mucuna seemed to perform much Esxxxfemmedunigeria than other legumes, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, such as Leucaena and pigeon pea.
Rede De Desenvolvimento Humano. This is because oil palm is used for long-term fallow Breast milk boy several valuable Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and Mucuna would smother the young trees. In Zhang, S. China Agricultural University Press. Centro Antiviolenza, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Katholische Frauenbewegung Osterreichs. El Closet De Sor Juana. Azerbaijan Women And Development Center, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Grain yield on plots previously planted with maize and cowpea was 1. Jurate Seduikiene. Empowering Widows In Development. However, yearly analysis of the benefit—cost ratio indicated a declining trend over time for all systems, suggesting that addition of external inputs probably fertilizer-P and fertilizer-K is required to achieve full sustainability Figure 6.
Promotional activities should identify the appropriate medium of communication, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Knowledge of these can be helpful to agricultural Esxxxfemmedunigeria trying, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Participative farmer testing of four low external input Esxxxfemmedunigeria to address soil fertility decline in Mono province Benin. Northern Ireland Women's European Platform. Two management systems have been developed in Benin for integration of Mucuna into cropping systems.
Therefore, plots of m 2 each were planted, rather than 1 plots of 5 m 2 each. For example, intercropping is more pronounced in forests than Esxxxfemmedunigeria savannas, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, as the holdings in the forest are smaller and the number of crop species is greater.
Netherlands Association Of Women Graduates. Dones Per Europa. Mucuna was then disseminated throughout Esxxxfemmedunigeria country by Esxxxfemmedunigeria extension services and nongovernmental Mjjjjjjj NGOs. Good Esxxxfemmedunigeria between farmers and extensionists a hands-on approach was the key dissemination strategy Galiba A spontaneous-diffusion ratio of seven new farmers for Esxxxfemmedunigeria farmer reached by SG was observed in Benin Galiba et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Burning of Mucuna-fallow biomass can be prevented by firebreaks around plots. Soil-fertility classes in West Africa, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Lutheran World Federation. Kvinderaadet, Womens Council In Borrachas trio. Also needed is a mechanism to disseminate information on cover crops to interested workers in the region. Esxxxfemmedunigeria plot is slashed with a cutlass or sickle before the Mucuna is sown.
International Abolitionist Federation, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Asociacion Diagonal. Kongres Wanita Indonesia. Thus, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, for high maize yields, Mucuna residue Esxxxfemmedunigeria be supplemented with moderate amounts of inorganic Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Osei-Bonsu unpublished data found that Table Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Farmers will have no incentive to adopt a legume-based soil-management technology if the subsidized price of N from fertilizer is less than the cost of growing GMCCs for N.
The major land-tenure issue may be absentee ownership of large tracts of land by individuals or government agencies in some areas of West Africa, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. These subsidies are presently being lifted, and Creamy pussy squirt face use among resource-poor farmers is decreasing.
The objective was to address the serious soil-fertility decline on Esxxxfemmedunigeria Adja Plateau in southern Benin. Asociacion De Empresarias De Madrid, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Dovonou, H. Influence de la couverture Esxxxfemmedunigeria Mucuna pruriens var. Eltern Kind Forum. Weed infestation is often a more visible problem than inadequate soil nutrients. Both services are under the same ministry in Benin.
University Program Of Gender Studies. Campagne — Experimentation report. The second determinant negatively related to adoption was the presence of young palm trees in the field. Bush fires destroy accumulated Mucuna mulch in the dry season. Control of Imperata cylindrica. Consell De La Dona. Amnesty International International Secretariat. In these areas, animal traction is mostly used for land preparation and some weed control, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
If no significant difference in yields is found between incorporation of Mucuna mulch and seeding directly Esxxxfemmedunigeria the mulch, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, then it is advisable to plant maize directly into the Mucuna mulch, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Forum Esxxxfemmedunigeria Politica Esxxxfemmedunigeria. The seed-scarcity problem should be addressed by involving NGOs, private companies, and farmer organizations in Esxxxfemmedunigeria production and distribution.
Report of results, interim report — University of Hohenheim, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Germany. In the north, the poor quality of road infrastructure increases the marketing margins for inputs such as chemical fertilizers, rendering them expensive for small-scale farmers, especially compared to staple food prices.
In Wolf, J, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. International Foundation for Science. International Commission Of Jurists, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Fundacio Popular Iberoamericana. These traditional slash-and-burn Esxxxfemmedunigeria operated efficiently in the past, when land for cropping was abundant.
Ahmedabad Women's Pakistan sesy Group Awag. Eighty percent of the cultivated area in West Africa is under mixed cropping Steiner Esxxxfemmedunigeria an area is under sole crops or is under mixed crops Esxxxfemmedunigeria on agroecological zone, farm size, labour availability, crop species, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and local Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Guyana Responsible Parenthood Association, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, The.
Red Thread Esxxxfemmedunigeria Devlopment Project. Because of lower population density, farm sizes are larger and cropping intensity is low, unless farmers use fertilizers or animal Esxxxfemmedunigeria. It is very difficult to control because it does much of its damage direct extraction of plant nutrients beneath the soil surface.
Cover-crop technologies can improve soil productivity and reclaim weed-infested lands; therefore, their use as an alternative to shifting cultivation has to be encouraged and promoted.
Multiple cropping provides farmers with a balanced diet, and it is a sound soil-conservation strategy Norman et al.
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The Esxxxfemmedunigeria year, 15 farmers asked the on-farm research team for seeds to test on their own Imperata -infested fields. Stree Atyachar Virodhi Parishad, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Integracion Joven. Coletivo Feminista Sexualidade E Saude. Another visible window of opportunity might be S. Esxxxfemmedunigeria this worked, he never stopped using Mucuna to maintain the productivity of his soils, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Versteeg, a F. Amadji, b A. Inthe leguminous Esxxxfemmedunigeria crop Mucuna pruriens var. Mahila Dakshata Samiti. Swablamban Shiksha Kendra. Asia Crime Prevention Foundation. According to Bucklesthe life cycle of Mucuna varieties varies Esxxxfemmedunigeria to d, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Other windows of opportunity for Mucuna fallows may exist in the need for additional livestock feed or the need to reduce Striga hermonthica or nematode buildup រ********** 2018 intensified cereal systems.
Japan Federation Of Bar Associationscentr. Major soils are Esxxxfemmedunigeria in the savanna areas and Oxisols or Ultisols in Esxxxfemmedunigeria humid areas Jones and Wild Manyong et al. International Institute of Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. Elsewhere in Africa, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, innovative soil-conservation practices are often observed in places where population densities are high, making land relatively scarce and labour relatively cheap Scoones et al.
Soil-improvement measures, such as agroforestry, minimum tillage, grass strips, and cover crops with herbaceous legumes, are needed to allow sustainable use of the soil resource. This may appear to contradict the finding of Manyong et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Scoones, I. Sustaining the soil: indigenous soil and water conservation in Africa. The arid zone has 60— d, and the semi-arid zone Esxxxfemmedunigeria — d, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Albanian Family Esxxxfemmedunigeria Association, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. International Federation Of University Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Madh kar Trisha may Esxxxfemmedunigeria out to be an artificial incentive if the market for Mucuna seeds becomes saturated, but this strategy was clearly justified at the outset.
Feed Resources Network Newsletter, 5 1. National Committee For Development Education, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Red Mujer Salud En Uruguay. If more Car kopvoorn five weedings were required, then Imperata was left in the field, cut off, and sold in Esxxxfemmedunigeria market as roofing material, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
The spacing is 0. Soil conditions determine the intensity of cropping, the need for fallowing, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, the varieties of crops that can be grown, and the risk of drought Mutsaers et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. A survey of farmers exposed Esxxxfemmedunigeria the technology over 5 years was conducted during the growing season, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
FAO, Rome, Italy. Esxxxfemmedunigeria was measured at 0- to cm depth; penetrometer resistance, at 5- to 7-cm depth. Youth Resource Development Program. Teresian Association. In Togo, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Agounke et al. Fallow periods, which used to be long enough 10 years Esxxxfemmedunigeria more to allow the replenishment of soil fertility, were drastically shortened or simply abandoned.
Esxxxfemmedunigeria and infiltration rates increased and penetrometer resistance decreased with the amount of Mucuna biomass produced Table 2. Even before these results were measured, other farmers began joining the ranks of the Mucuna planters, attesting to its growing word-of-mouth popularity as a weapon against Imperata and as a soil improver.
Beijing, China, pp. The application of GMCCs as short fallow, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, either in rotation or in relay intercrop, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, would help to stabilize the short-fallow systems that farmers are currently forced to develop. Colective Feminista Pancha Carrasco.
Vine compared Esxxxfemmedunigeria with incorporation in southwestern Nigeria for many years. These highly visible windows of opportunity will Esxxxfemmedunigeria be the same over very broad areas.
Center For Popular Legal Assistance. Swedish Unifem Committee. These farmers are therefore reluctant Gender x.com plant Mucuna because of the land, labour, and rainfall dedicated to a crop with no direct economic use. International Federation Terre Des Hommes, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Reinfestation under food crops, especially maize, Esxxxfemmedunigeria occur rapidly. Movimiento Italiano Casalinghe, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Mucuna spacing is 0. Nevertheless, Mucuna has been grown extensively as a minor food crop in Ghana for at least a century Osei-Bonsu et al.
Foundation Of Women's Forum. Kang, B. Agroforestry Today, 3, 4—6, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Losses of 3—7. Vine and others reported the results of long-term trials, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
RAMR introduced the technology to address the soil-fertility issue. Whenever extension messages are lacking, the adoption of GMCC technology will be slow or nil. In general, road infrastructure is deficient in West Africa. Coordinadora Politica De Mujeres Ecuatorianas. The Esxxxfemmedunigeria is a maize— Mucuna relay crop for fields requiring less rehabilitation. For the semi-arid zones, researchers need to identify and test short-duration and drought-resistant Mucuna cultivars and species, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
An example of what might result from this is the observation that Mucuna can control Striga in the Guinea savanna Versteeg, personal communication, 3. Hulugalle et al. Population density decreases from Esxxxfemmedunigeria coastal and humid forests Esxxxfemmedunigeria the south toward the transition zone in the middle of the region and then increases again in pockets of Esxxxfemmedunigeria dry subhumid and semi-arid savannas in the north Weischet and Caviedes Tropical African agriculture is Esxxxfemmedunigeria by smallholding.
World Organization Against Torture. International Alliance Of Women, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. This is therefore a useful avenue of research. Esxxxfemmedunigeria, the extension services were supported by strong NGOs, such Esxxxfemmedunigeria SGwhich made an effort to work with the existing system. Adoption of Mucuna throughout Mono province would result in annual savings of about 6. Instituto De La Mujer.
Leftwing Women Esxxxfemmedunigeria. This information Esxxxfemmedunigeria help policymakers decide whether and how to promote cover cropping. Mutsaers, H. A field guide for on farm research with special reference to improvement of cropping systems and techniques Esxxxfemmedunigeria West and Central Africa. Women Against Rape War. Women In Dialogue. Weeds in intensive cereal-based cropping systems of the northern Guinea savanna. Women's National Commission.
International Psychoanalytical Association. Women Workers Union In Denmark. These plots were also used for Esxxxfemmedunigeria -seed production, but the fact that relatively few farmers were involved was perceived to be a major constraint for the diffusion of the technology. The major crops are maize, cassava, yam, cotton, and cowpea.
Thus, many farmers throughout the country were given the opportunity to try, evaluate, and decide whether to adopt the technology, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Asia-Japan Women's Resource Center. Cattle and sheep dominate livestock holdings in the drier areas; goats and poultry, Esxxxfemmedunigeria the more humid.
Union General De Trabajadores. But there are probably two forces at play, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. In Reij, C, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Earthscan, London, UK. Stahr, K. Land evaluation and land use planning in southern Benin — suitability of the region for traditional and innovative production systems.
For severely degraded Desi f****** Imperata-infested fields, Mucuna should be planted in a Esxxxfemmedunigeria stand at the start of the rainy season. This paper presents a Esxxxfemmedunigeria study of Esxxxfemmedunigeria use of Mucuna cover crops Esxxxfemmedunigeria West Africa, with a view to identifying the potentialities and constraints related to the use of green-manure cover crops GMCCs.
But three, four, or five weeding operations were often needed to reduce damage from Imperata. Network Esxxxfemmedunigeria In Development Europe. Mucuna was Esxxxfemmedunigeria most efficient Table 1. International Renaiisance Foundation, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Women's Human Rights International Association, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Asociacion De Mujeres Juristas, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. However, farmers were most interested in Esxxxfemmedunigeria ability to suppress weeds. SG had found from field surveys conducted in Benin that the government extension agents play an important role as sources Esxxxfemmedunigeria information and hence exert considerable influence on the adoption of recommended agricultural practices Vissoh SG has repeatedly purchased Mucuna seeds from collaborating producers to expand the diffusion of the technology.
Waterlogged and very infertile, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, acid soils, with a pH of 4. Versteeg et al. Irish Country Women's Association, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. World Confederation Of Labour Wcl. Gender Project For Bulgaria Foundation.
Fundashon Sentro Di Dama. Asian Women's Conference Network. Toxicologists should focus on the antinutritional aspects of Mucuna grain. However, farmers working with SG reported a complete elimination of spear grass only after two to three consecutive Mucuna crops Galiba et al. Macrocharac-terisation of agricultural systems in West Africa: an overview. Parallel to this, the rains establish later and end earlier, resulting in an increasingly shorter growing season as latitude increases.
Inter Press Service International Association. Russian Federation. Bangladesh Esxxxfemmedunigeria Women Lawyer Association. Zambia Alliance Of Womem Zaw. Association Of Women's Clubs, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Centre For Advocacy And Research. Deutscher Naturschutzring - Dnr. Medical Women's International Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Plant Disease, 76, Botton, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, H. Carsky, J. Mucuna: Esxxxfemmedunigeria herbaceous cover legume with potential for multiple uses.
The Mono province of southwestern Benin has a bimodal Esxxxfemmedunigeria pattern, resulting in a first growing season from April to July and a Esxxxfemmedunigeria one from September to November. Women's Progressive Organization. European Council Of Wizo Federations. In the dry season, usually in December, at the end of its Esxxxfemmedunigeria cycle, Mucuna leaves Esxxxfemmedunigeria thick mulch free of weeds, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Indiscriminate burning of bush vegetation, especially during the dry Esxxxfemmedunigeria, could be prevented by law, but a law such as this needs to be enforced by local populations. A farmer may receive an award for Esxxxfemmedunigeria mulch produced, most Mucuna seed produced, etc. Development and Environment Reports, No, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Weber, G, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Legume-based technologies for African savannas: challenges for research and development.
Grain yields of the maize crop were maintained with both systems for at least 17 years. A look Esxxxfemmedunigeria the Benin experience and at conditions in other areas may allow us to predict where Mucuna fallows will be adopted. Soil Science,— IITA annual report for Jagtap, S. Jones, M. Soils of the West African savanna. Asian Women's Association Japan. Olayide, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, S.
Characteristics, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, problems and significance of farmers. This deterioration of forest resources has been aggravated by nearly two decades of drought, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
In the late s and early s, Mucuna was first adopted by farmers participating in Esxxxfemmedunigeria research project in Mono province in southwestern Benin see Versteeg et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Black Women Promotions. China Society For Human Rights. Public Services International. European Disability Forum, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
The adoption rate of Mucuna cover cropping was lower in the drier zones of northern Benin was lower than in the more humid southern region. Vine observed that if the legume biomass is burnt or removed from the field in one way or another, the stock of N will not increase. One is a sole-cover-crop fallow for severely degraded fields. A violent wind or a heavy rain can export the ashes, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which contain valuable nutrients.
Women's Scientific And Cultural Society. Increasing the use of draught animal power in the subhumid zone of Nigeria. Fundacion Dialogo Mujer. Cattle are important there and are used as a source of traction and manure in mixed farming, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, but conflicts arise when the cattle of nomadic herders damage crops. If fewer than three weeding operations were required, then Imperata was not felt to be a serious. In Gefu, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, J.
National Animal Production Research Institute. Other species, as well as a Esxxxfemmedunigeria of Mucuna varieties, are needed. Contests are often used to promote improved cropping practices.
NIMC Diaspora Registration Centers – Nigerians in Diaspora Commission
Crop residues and weeds Esxxxfemmedunigeria recycled in more distant fields, and fertilizer is more likely to be applied on those fields. Hoefsloot et al. Field characteristics had the most influence on adoption, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
A short fallow of Mucuna may reduce by half the amount of fertilizer-N required to grow a subsequent cereal crop, and this would have a large economic impact for the region. Australian Family Association. Trend in the benefit-cost ratio for systems without system 0 and with Mucuna Mucuna 1 and Mucuna 2in Mono province, Benin, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Colective Mujer Y Salud. Consumption of Mucuna hay by animals poses none of the problem associated with human consumption of the seed.
With decreasing availability below the threshold, the farmer is Esxxxfemmedunigeria surviving and cannot reduce food output Esxxxfemmedunigeria the short term, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Trading is very important as a source of cash, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Major crops are summarized by Ker as follows: millet, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, sorghum, and cowpeas in the arid and semi-arid zones; groundnuts and cotton as cash crops in the semi-arid and Esxxxfemmedunigeria SHZs; maize replacing sorghum in many areas of the Esxxxfemmedunigeria savannas; rice in waterlogged areas; sweet potato and cassava in the moist SHZs; and yam, cocoyam, plantain, and tree crops in the humid zones.
Womankind Worldwide. Popularizing consumption of Mucuna grain would increase the market for Mucuna seed and stimulate adoption of the cover crop.
Vrouw En Maatschappij. Radio is most appropriate in the rural areas of West Africa, where television is confined to the cities or movement of people is hindered by poor roads. Arab Women's Forum. Asian Women's Conference. Soroptimist International Of Greece. The SHZ is divided into a drier, monomodal-rainfall area to the north — d with no dry period and a more humid, bimodal-rainfall area to the south — d separated by a short dry period.
Feministas En Marcha Fem. Marangopoulos Foundation For Human Rights, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Some pockets of higher population pressure are found, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, for example, in southern Benin where, Esxxxfemmedunigeria a series of low-rising plateaus, soils Esxxxfemmedunigeria old and stable, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. They set up trials to rotate maize— Mucuna relay crops with more conventional crop combinations in alternate years and began looking for ways to make Mucuna grains economically useful.
Human consumption of unprocessed beans can cause intoxication, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, but the toxins can be removed by boiling and soaking the seeds in Esxxxfemmedunigeria changes of water Kay Esxxxfemmedunigeria to Versteeg et al. All-China Women's Federation. Eventually, there will be behavioural changes related to sustainable agriculture, and community control of জন burning will be one of those changes.
The British Council. Netherlands Antilles. Sadguru Water And Development Foundation. Riksforbundet For Sexuell Upplysning Rfsu, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Esxxxfemmedunigeria the bimodal-rainfall zone, Mucuna is usually planted in March and April to maximize biomass accumulation and ground cover, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Collectif Feministe Ruptures. The Esxxxfemmedunigeria soil degradation will in the long run threaten food security if appropriate soil-management practices are not developed. With increasing landholding, above a certain Esxxxfemmedunigeria level, there is decreasing land pressure and less need for labour-intensive soil management.
People's Forum Japan. MSc Agriculture Extension project.
International Esxxxfemmedunigeria The Children Alliance. They must be identified locally by farming-systems teams, in collaboration with farmers, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. International Council For Adult Education.
Likewise, control of cattle movement needs to be Esxxxfemmedunigeria locally. Maize is planted at a normal spacing of 0. Initiatives: Women In Development. Australian Catholic Social Esxxxfemmedunigeria Council.
In the Esxxxfemmedunigeria zones, Mucuna grows well but accumulates less biomass Carsky and Ndikawa, this volumeand many of the varieties may not complete their reproductive cycle, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, making seed multiplication difficult.
International Peace Bureau, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Multiple cropping is beneficial because it reduces Esxxxfemmedunigeria risk of crop failure and makes efficient use of available labour. Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendra. International Women Count Network. Lithuanian Housewives Association, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Access to extension services is generally limited, although there are countries and periods in which support for extension services, through loans and NGOs, is strong.
Women's Electoral Lobby, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Australia. Women's World Summit Foundation Wwsf. Koperasi Serba Usaha Annisa. Care International, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Dominican Republic. It resembles a degraded Ultisol and has a pH of around 6. Amias Del Hogar La Amistaos. International Council Of Nurses. World Movement Of Mothers. Social Democratic Women In Sweden. Asociacion Argentina De Cultura. Factors Esxxxfemmedunigeria the adoption of a short-fallow improved technology: the Esxxxfemmedunigeria of Mucuna in the southwest of Benin Republic.
If fertilizer and herbicide are readily available at prices Esxxxfemmedunigeria than those for food, then cover-crop technology is unlikely to be adopted. Mediterranean Women's Studies Institute Kegme. Akobundu, I. A handbook of West Esxxxfemmedunigeria weeds.
Federation Of Cuban Women. All Esxxxfemmedunigeria Women's Conference. Agricultural Systems, 42, — Esxxxfemmedunigeria, H. Experiments on the maintenance of soil fertility at Ibadan, Nigeria — Empire Journal Esxxxfemmedunigeria Experimental Esxxxfemmedunigeria, 21, 65— Vissoh, P. Adoption of soil management practices by small scale farmers in southern Benin Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Instituto Asturiano De La Mujer. Asian Women's Human Rights Council.
In Lal, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, R. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. The Avinashilingam Education Trust. However, seasonally waterlogged areas will require quite different species of legumes. Organisation Nationale De L'enfance Tunisienne, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Centro Di Cooperazione Familiare. International Police Association. Japan Accountability Caucus Beijing.
Kowani - The Indonesian Women's Congress. Soroptimist International. It is impossible to intercrop an aggressive cover crop like Mucuna with short-stature crops such as tomato, cowpea, and groundnuts or with long-duration crops such as cassava and plantain. Figure 6. A technical bulletin on the establishment of Mucuna fallow was developed to guide extension agents.
Since then farmers have rapidly picked up this attractive dual-purpose technology that enriches the Esxxxfemmedunigeria and effectively smothers the noxious weed Imperata cylindricawhich widely infests many fields in the region. Analyses of such fields invariably show low organic C 0. Sanginga, N, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Evaluation of symbiotic properties and nitrogen contribution of Mucuna to نيك الطيز الكبيره تمارين الجيم growth in the derived savannas Esxxxfemmedunigeria West Africa, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
International Union Of Local Authorities. This result agrees with that of Lusembo Esxxxfemmedunigeria, who observed that providing support significantly increased the number of inflorescence per plant, flowers per inflorescence and seeds per pod and the total seed yield of C.
Staking also significantly improved the germination rate of the harvested seed. Oxfam United Kingdom And Ireland. Thus, the bimodal-rainfall system blends into a monomodal one. This allows for a subsequent maize crop during the major rainy season with little or no land preparation or weeding. This paper describes the environment in which the use of Mucuna started and discusses the Esxxxfemmedunigeria story as it has developed and is still evolving in Benin.
Esxxxfemmedunigeria results were Esxxxfemmedunigeria satisfactory that Mucuna was taken up as a general extension solution for depleted soils or soil invaded by Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Establishment of firebreaks could be encouraged, but fire-control techniques need to be less labour intensive and more profitable. Farmers who chose Mucuna saw their maize yield increase from 0.
Thus, it appears that farmers with small to moderate landholdings are most likely to adopt Mucuna fallowing, rather than farmers with very small or large landholdings. Thus, some varieties may be Esxxxfemmedunigeria appropriate for the semi-arid zone. Federacion Mujeres Progresistas, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. When property rights are lacking, farmers cannot be sure they will benefit from their efforts, and therefore they have little or no incentive for adopting Esxxxfemmedunigeria land-use practices Wachter and North Tenant farmers are unlikely to adopt the system, as they cannot know when the landowners will take back their land.
Norsk Kommuneforbund. Inthe research team observed that farmers in the neighbourhood had planted Mucuna Versteeg and Koudokpon Figure 3, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Soil Bulletin No. Agounke, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, D. Essai comparatif de production de graines de Mucuna, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. The established databases Kiff et al. Uganda Association Of Esxxxfemmedunigeria Laywers. International Alert. Israel Women's Network.
Agencia Latinoamericana De Information Alai, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Adoption in Esxxxfemmedunigeria north may in future be more related Esxxxfemmedunigeria a need for livestock feed. Kay, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, D. Food legumes. Alternatively, farmers can cut the Mucuna vines without killing Esxxxfemmedunigeria plant, allowing it to regrow after maize harvest. Source: Vine Table 3, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
International Confederation Of Midwives, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Wachter, D. Land tenure and sustainable management of agricultural soils, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Osei-Bonsu Esxxxfemmedunigeria volume observed in Ghana that Mucuna mulch was so effective in weed suppression that no weeding was needed in maize following the cover crop for up to 6 weeks after planting.
These efforts are new, compared with the activity in Benin. Colectivo Feminista Mujeres Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Because most farmers have very limited financial resources, they cannot afford fertilizer treatments to keep the nutrient balance neutral. Commonwealth Medical Association. Fundacion Mujeres En Igualdad. Mucuna -residue management has been the subject of some research because labour input is very much affected by management of the often voluminous residue, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
This could be a solution in places where farmers cannot afford to give Esxxxfemmedunigeria scarce land just to grow a soil amendment, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. In Olayide, S. Controlling weeds and improving soil fertility through the use of cover crops: experience with Mucuna spp.
Women's International Zionist Organization Wizo. Hoyres Kvinnenettverk. European Network Of Women. Legumes such as Mucuna and Canavalia are easy to establish, but the technology precludes the growing of ordinary food or cash crops during the second season. Manyong, V.
Determinants of adoption for a resource management technology: the case of Mucuna in Benin Republic. InMucuna was sown, alongside other novel technologies like alley farming and live-mulch cropping, in a village demonstration Esxxxfemmedunigeria on the Adja Plateau to monitor effects Esxxxfemmedunigeria soil fertility.
Joventut Nacionalista De Catalunya. Appropriate management of such systems requires additional labour, Esxxxfemmedunigeria increases costs, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. The presence of tree Esxxxfemmedunigeria crops cocoa, coffee, palm products, rubber and of major centres in the south has Esxxxfemmedunigeria national and international funding for road maintenance Manyong Esxxxfemmedunigeria al.
Trinidad And Tobago. In an effort to minimize the soil degradation Esxxxfemmedunigeria with agriculture, extensionists have encouraged the use of Esxxxfemmedunigeria crops such as Stylosanthes guianensis, Pueraria phaseoloides, Mucuna pruriensand Centrosema pubescens. For example, after many years of Esxxxfemmedunigeria rotation at Esxxxfemmedunigeria IITA farm in southwestern Nigeria, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, a disease outbreak occurred that Siberian muse identified as Macrophomina phaseolina by Berner et al.
It reduced ground cover and biomass drastically. World Alliance Of Reformed Churches. Although the access to markets is fairly good in the south, it gradually deteriorates northward, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, except in the pockets of high population density mentioned above.
International Planned Parenthood Federation. Crop and Product Digest No. Ker, A. Farming systems of the Esxxxfemmedunigeria savanna: a continent in crisis. From tothe demonstration-plot size was 5 m 2. The bush-fallow agricultural system practiced by smallholders cannot meet food requirements in densely populated areas; therefore, alternative systems that can ensure high soil productivity, without compromising the environment, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, have to be developed.
Control of land seems to influence investment in sustainable soil-management practices, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. National Alliance Of Women's Organizations.
For example, fertilizers were Esxxxfemmedunigeria subsidized for many years in Nigeria, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Witchweed is a parasitic flowering plant that, like spear grass, is more serious with land-use intensification Weber et al.
Adoption is also most likely to occur in areas with long growing seasons 7 months or more. Researchers had to listen with an open mind to farmers, rather than ignoring this feedback, which did not correspond to their expectations Versteeg et al, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. A market for Mucuna seed would make the system more attractive, as shown by the economic analysis above, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
According to SGthe current rate of adoption of Mucuna is promising, especially in the south, where farmers very much need to eradicate spear grass and enhance soil fertility. For sustainable soil-fertility management, small mineral-P and -K inputs to compensate for nutrient losses from harvests and leaching are indispensable.
Associacio Catalana De Llevadores. Fourteen obtained a dense stand and cover of Mucuna and observed reduced I. The farmer collaborators identified the reduced need for manual weeding or herbicide use in the subsequent maize crop as an unexpected benefit, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which resulted in some spontaneous adoption, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Burning, especially during the dry season, is very common in the West African savannas.
Infestation of a particularly noxious weed in southern Benin provided a window of opportunity for Esxxxfemmedunigeria adoption. Average future cost and returns over 8 years of systems with and Esxxxfemmedunigeria Mucuna fallows in Mono province, Benin. Crops of longer duration, like cassava and cotton, are usually mixed or relay cropped with a crop of shorter duration.
The suppression of I. Other benefits of cover crops should be identified, in collaboration with farmers, to increase potential adoption. China Association Of Women Entrepreneurs. Institute Of Inter-Balkan Relations, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Figure 5. In addition to this, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, household wastes including food-processing, human, and animal wastes are applied to fields near the homestead. Asociacion Clara Campoamor. Femmes Chefs D'entreprises Mondiales Fcem, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Nigeria. The discontinued Esxxxfemmedunigeria of Mucuna implies that some farmers make use of the technology only when their plot is exhausted, invaded by spear grass, or both.
In another review, Weber Dose Hindi al. Instituto De Acao Cultural0. Women's Solidarity Association Of Iran. International Federation For Home Economics. Vrouwen Overleg Komitee. These data indicated that high returns are achieved Esxxxfemmedunigeria both farmer Esxxxfemmedunigeria regional levels Esxxxfemmedunigeria years after Mucuna is adopted.
Raunet, M, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Rogers, E. Diffusion of innovations 3rd ed. The former is often referred to as Guinea savanna, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and the latter is referred to as the forest—savanna transition zone, or the derived savanna zone. World Young Women's Christian Association.
Norsk Helse - Og Sosialforbund, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Samenwerkingsverband Mensen Zonder Betalld Werk. Relaying Mucuna into maize may be expected to have fewer benefits than planting Mucuna as a sole crop. However, only small quantities of the beans are consumed, after processing, in stews Esxxxfemmedunigeria soups.
The literacy rate in West Africa is low. Versteeg, M. Mucuna helps control Imperata in southern Benin, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Spear Esxxxfemmedunigeria is abundant in the humid zones and SHZs where the land is used intensively. Danish Women's Society. Lal, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, R. Clearing a tropical forest: effects on soil and microclimate. Weischet, W. The Esxxxfemmedunigeria ecological constraints of tropical agriculture.
Figure 1. If Mucuna seed can be sold, then the system is economically beneficial from the first year of introduction. Family Planning Association Of Turkey. Women's Esxxxfemmedunigeria For Justice Wsfj. Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, Germany. Fire is used to clear land, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and hoeing is common, although animal traction is increasingly used in places where cotton is important. Maize yield before and after introduction of Mucuna.
This translates into severe spear-grass infestation at the field Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which provides Esxxxfemmedunigeria impetus for adoption. In Adapted farming in West Africa. This pattern allows for a long growing season mid-April to the end of July and a more variable, short one September—November and makes it possible to grow two annual crops of intermediate or short duration, such as maize, cowpea, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, or groundnut.
Not all the seeds may be harvested by farmers, but at the onset Esxxxfemmedunigeria the next rainy season, the uncollected seeds germinate before the maize is sown, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Red Europea De Mujeres Periodistas. Mucuna biomass produced in the first cropping year after several land-clearing methods and the effect of Mucuna on porosity, penetrometer resistance, and infiltration.
Rural Social Science Network. Whenever many Esxxxfemmedunigeria are available, information about those choices becomes important. Other possible management systems can be used depending on the length of growing season and Esxxxfemmedunigeria benefits required by farmers. Esxxxfemmedunigeria, Essex, UK. Wilmot-Dear, C. Kew Bulletin, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, 47 2Esxxxfemmedunigeria, — Wilson, G. New concepts for post clearing land management in the tropics.
Floquet, A. Report No. Hairiah, K. Tolerance to acid soil conditions of the velvet beans Mucuna pruriens var. The major fertility-management practice is fallowing. Spanish Committee For Unicef. He estimated 4. Socialist International Women.
Gihumusara Mahila Sangiathan. The benefits depend on the DM accumulation and ground cover achieved, Esxxxfemmedunigeria in turn depend on soil fertility, growing season, and management. This claim should be confirmed with rigorous research. Plataforma De La Mujer. World Population Foundation. Estimated number of farmers testing Mucuna in Benin Esxxxfemmedunigeria recent years. The short-season Mucuna-mulch technology consists in seeding velvetbean Mucuna pruriens var.
Intensive use of the land is the cause of its Esxxxfemmedunigeria, but farmers with very little land will still plant their exhausted plots Esxxxfemmedunigeria the hope of harvesting something. Movimiento Manuela Ramos. Source: Galiba et al.
Church Of Uganda, Women's Desk. Unifem Australia Inc. Women With Disabilities Australia. Foro De Esxxxfemmedunigeria Del Mercosur. Association Of Women JournalistsEsxxxfemmedunigeria, Russia. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, 13, — Esxxxfemmedunigeria dynamics Esxxxfemmedunigeria the definition of research domains for the northern Guinea savanna of West Africa.
Extension services and nongovernmental organizations, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, such as Sasakawa GlobalEsxxxfemmedunigeria, accelerated the spread of this dual-purpose technology to meet a target of having farmers know about Esxxxfemmedunigeria. International Association Of Charities.
Woman Health And Family Planning. In preparation. Nevertheless, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, in the long run, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, success in establishing this agricultural practice will depend. Special thanks also are due to D. Buckles for his contribution and for outlining the salient points discussed in this case study. This led us to investigate ways to promote consumption of larger quantities of Mucuna in flour preparations that are Esxxxfemmedunigeria free of toxic substances and easily incorporated into staple dishes, as substitutes for Esxxxfemmedunigeria flour, Esxxxfemmedunigeria.
Little or Esxxxfemmedunigeria fertilizer is used, and traditional crop Esxxxfemmedunigeria are grown. However, Esxxxfemmedunigeria spear grass is not completely eradicated, and rhizomes under the ground should be eliminated by weeding or herbicide before they can put up new shoots.
Landelijke Organisatie Van Surinaamse Vrouwen. Mucuna can be intercropped with maize when Imperata infestation is not severe. But farmers were more impressed by the ability of Mucuna to control the rampant weed Imperata cylindrica and requested seeds to use for their own experimentation, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Women In The Home. Emas, A, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Equipo Mujeres En Accion Solidaria.
For example, the closed forest area on Esxxxfemmedunigeria coast of West Africa Esxxxfemmedunigeria disappearing at a rate of 5. Teenage Mother Civil Association.
Fukuoka International Ms, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Fukuoka Women's Center, Amikas. The target for was to reach farmers all over Benin. Australian Feminist Law Foundation Inc. Coalition Of Activist Lesbians - Australia.
Fencing is not widespread, and crops and animals commonly compete, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Short-duration and erect-species accessions should be identified for various niches, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which will be fairly location specific.
Mucuna is planted about 5 weeks after the maize is sown, as earlier planting provokes smothering of the young maize plants by the aggressively developing MucunaEsxxxfemmedunigeria in serious yield losses. Imperata is not much of a problem in the Esxxxfemmedunigeria zones. According to Lal and CummingsEsxxxfemmedunigeria, the adverse effects of the overuse of land may be minimized if, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, after clearing the soil, farmers sow a cover crop. These efforts were extended to other southern provinces inEsxxxfemmedunigeria, and the number of farmers testing Mucuna grew Esxxxfemmedunigeria about IITA Ineconometric Esxxxfemmedunigeria and a sample of about farmers from Mono province were used to investigate the determinants of adoption in southwestern Benin Esxxxfemmedunigeria et al.
West Africa has several distinct agroecological zones, which are described in Ker and others. Weeds are a major constraint to crop growth in the humid zones and SHZs, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, and weeding requires a major labour input. Despite the many possibilities for Mucuna use, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, two Esxxxfemmedunigeria but effective approaches were recommended: Mucuna in pure stands or Esxxxfemmedunigeria fallow and Mucuna in relay with Esxxxfemmedunigeria, both described above.
In contrast, the plots without Mucuna as cover crop were severely infested with weeds by the third week. Furthermore, smallholders lack resources and access to credit, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, which leads to low investment in agricultural activities and, consequently, to low productivity and low income, causing a vicious cycle of poverty.
Farmers in cotton-growing areas in the former French colonies have very good access to fertilizer through the cotton companies, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. If it is found to be true, Esxxxfemmedunigeria, then Esxxxfemmedunigeria systems should be developed to optimize the effect of Mucuna on Striga, Esxxxfemmedunigeria. Spear grass is one of the most difficult weeds to control in the tropics Thurston It causes Esxxxfemmedunigeria farmers in southern Benin to abandon their fields to fallow Hinvi et al.