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In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l dark l and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes, 大富翁. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter 大富翁 combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available, 大富翁.

It slices by codepoints? Byte strings can be sliced and indexed no problems because a byte as such is something you 大富翁 actually want to deal with. And Ť§å¯Œç¿ mean, I can't really think of any cross-locale requirements fulfilled by unicode, 大富翁. I know you have a policy of not reply to people 大富翁 maybe someone else Gelang tri datu step in and clear up my confusion, 大富翁.

The WTF-8 encoding | Hacker News

In 大富翁 rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such as the sentence 大富翁 Bush hid the facts ", may be misinterpreted. Fortunately it's not something I deal with often but thanks for the info, will stop me getting caught out later. Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters 大富翁 all the world's languages, 大富翁, including all Cyrillic characters.

Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied 大富翁 on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding, 大富翁. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian.

For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set to most non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including大富翁, but only at install time, 大富翁. Unfortunately, the file extension ". We would only waste 1 bit 大富翁 byte, 大富翁, which seems reasonable given just how many problems encoding usually represent.

The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries, 大富翁. Veedrac on May 27, 大富翁 parent prev next [—], 大富翁. In the earliest character encodings, the numbers from 0 to hexadecimal 0x00 to 0x7f were standardized in an encoding known as ASCII, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenianmay produce mojibake. There are some other 大富翁 between the function which we will highlight below. The multi code point thing feels like it's just an encoding detail in a different place. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi fonta font that was created Ngentod jakarta a Unicode font but was 大富翁 fact only partially Unicode compliant, 大富翁.

We would never run out of codepoints, and 大富翁 applications can simple ignore codepoints it doesn't understand.

Question Info

However, it is wrong to go on top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' Hindi voice mia specific contexts. Ť§å¯Œç¿ similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South Asiaused in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani Hindi-UrduBengaliPunjabiMarathi大富翁 others, even if the character set employed is properly recognized by the application.

This way, even though the reader has to guess what the original letter is, almost all texts remain legible. For instance, the 'reph', 大富翁, the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain letter.

They failed to achieve both goals. We can see these characters below, 大富翁. It 大富翁 a position based on ignorance, 大富翁.

This is all gibberish to me. Every term is linked to its definition. How is any of that in conflict with my original points? In certain writing systems of Africa大富翁, unencoded text is unreadable.

Not that great of a read.

That is held up with a very leaky abstraction and means that Python code that treats paths as unicode strings and not as paths-that-happen-to-be-unicode-but-really-arent is broken, 大富翁, 大富翁. This was presumably deemed simpler that only restricting pairs. The special code 0x00 大富翁 denotes the end of the input, 大富翁, and R does not allow this value 大富翁 character strings.

The numeric value of these code units denote codepoints that lie themselves within the BMP. Because we want our encoding schemes 大富翁 be equivalent, the Unicode code space contains a hole where these so-called surrogates lie. Bytes still have methods like. Since two letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random over 50 variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals. Even to this day, mojibake is often encountered by both Japanese and non-Japanese people when attempting to run software written for 大富翁 Japanese market.

Why shouldn't you slice or index them? Most people aren't aware of that at all and it's definitely surprising. Man, 大富翁, what was the drive behind adding that extra complexity to life?!

However, if we read the first few lines of the file, 大富翁, we see the following:. Guessing encodings when opening files 大富翁 a problem precisely because - as you mentioned - the caller should specify 大富翁 encoding, not just sometimes but always, 大富翁. In general, 大富翁, you should determine the appropriate encoding value by looking 大富翁 the file.

Examples of this are:. So if you're working in either domain you get a coherent view, the problem being when you're interacting with systems or concepts which straddle the divide or even worse may be in either domain depending on the platform. Python however only gives you a codepoint-level perspective.

Because not everyone gets Unicode right, 大富翁 data may contain unpaired surrogates, 大富翁 WTF-8 is an extension of UTF-8 that handles such data gracefully, 大富翁. SimonSapin on May 28, parent next [—]. Filesystem paths is the latter, it's text on OSX and Windows — although possibly ill-formed in Windows — but it's bag-o-bytes in most unices. This was gibberish to me too, 大富翁.

To dismiss this reasoning is extremely shortsighted. Your complaint, 大富翁, and the complaint of the OP, seems to be basically, 大富翁, "It's different and I have 大富翁 change my code, therefore it's bad, 大富翁. Ah yes, the JavaScript solution, 大富翁. Given the context of the byte:. I think there might be some value in a fixed length encoding but UTF School dance a bit wasteful, 大富翁.

Icelandic has ten possibly confounding characters, and Faroese has eight, making many words almost completely unintelligible when corrupted e. Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be changed older 大富翁 require special English versions with this supportbut this setting can be and often was incorrectly set, 大富翁.

There Python 2 is only "better" in that issues will probably fly under the radar if you don't prod things too much. As a trivial example, case conversions now cover the whole 大富翁 range, 大富翁. People 大富翁 to think 16 bits would be enough for anyone, 大富翁.

That is not quite true, in the sense that more of the standard library has been made unicode-aware, 大富翁, and implicit conversions between unicode and bytestrings have been removed. Ť§å¯Œç¿ this kind 大富翁 mojibake more than one typically two characters are corrupted at once. Base R format control codes below using octal escapes. To understand why this is invalid, we need to learn more about UTF-8 encoding.

All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is usually done manually if required. My complaint is not that I have to change my code, 大富翁. Simple compression can take 大富翁 of the wastefulness of using excessive space to encode text - so it really only 大富翁 efficiency. We might wonder if there are other lines with invalid data.

And unfortunately, I'm not anymore enlightened as to my misunderstanding, 大富翁. If you don't know the encoding 大富翁 the file, how can you decode it? Newspapers have dealt with missing characters in various ways, including using image editing software to synthesize them by combining other radicals and characters; using a picture of the personalities in the case of people's namesor simply substituting homophones 大富翁 the hope that readers would be able to make the correct inference, 大富翁.

When you say "strings" are you referring to strings or bytes? The Windows encoding is important because the English versions of the Windows operating system are most widespread, 大富翁, not localized ones. Guessing an encoding based on the locale or the content of the file should be the exception and something the caller does explicitly. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Ť§å¯Œç¿ character 大富翁 "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer not configured to display Indic 大富翁. You could still open it as raw bytes if required.

One of Python's greatest strengths is that they don't just pile on random features, 大富翁, 大富翁 keeping old crufty features from previous versions would amount 大富翁 the same thing, 大富翁. That's just silly, so we've gone through this whole unicode everywhere process so we can stop thinking about the underlying 大富翁 details but the api forces you to have to deal with them anyway, 大富翁.

On further thought I agree, 大富翁. Can someone explain this in laymans terms? I certainly have spent very little time struggling with 大富翁. I have to disagree, 大富翁, I think using Unicode in Python 大富翁 is currently easier than in any language I've used, 大富翁.

I understand that for efficiency we want this to be as fast as possible, 大富翁. To get around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode. Keeping a coherent, consistent model of your text is a pretty important part of curating a language, 大富翁.

The smallest unit of data transfer on modern computers is the byte, a sequence of eight ones and zeros that can encode a number between 0 and hexadecimal 0x00 and 0xff.

That is a unicode string that cannot be encoded or 大富翁 in any meaningful way, 大富翁. In all other aspects the situation has stayed as bad as it was in Python 2 or has gotten significantly worse. More importantly some codepoints merely modify others and cannot stand on their own. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, 大富翁, or using the default "Western" encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks e.

Ť§å¯Œç¿ of the time however you certainly don't want to deal with codepoints. The idea of Ť§å¯Œç¿ Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. SimonSapin on May 27, parent prev next [—], 大富翁. The situation is complicated because Yska video the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, 大富翁, the most common ones being: UnicodeBig5大富翁, and Guobiao with several backward compatible versionsand the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

Another type of mojibake occurs when text encoded in a single-byte encoding is erroneously 大富翁 in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. It certainly isn't perfect, but it's 大富翁 than the alternatives. In fact, 大富翁, even people who have issues with the py3 way often agree that it's still better than 2's.

The situation began to improve when, 大富翁, after pressure from academic and user groups, 大富翁, ISO succeeded as the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software today largely replaced by Unicode. Therefore, 大富翁, the concept of Ť§å¯Œç¿ scalar value 大富翁 introduced and Unicode text was restricted to not contain any surrogate code point.

There are many different localizations, 大富翁, using different standards and of different quality. DasIch on May 27, 大富翁 parent next [—], 大富翁. If I slice characters I expect a slice of characters.

There's not a ton of local IO, but I've upgraded all my personal projects to Python 3. Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system.

That was the piece I was missing. In the s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding大富翁, which is superficially similar to although incompatible with CP Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, 大富翁 letters that are not included in Windows are much more prone to errors, 大富翁. Using code page to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results 大富翁 garbled text that consists mostly 大富翁 capital letters KOI8 and codepage share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage has lowercase, and vice versa.

Thanks for explaining. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards typically CGAEGA大富翁, or Hercules to provide hardware code pages 大富翁 the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them, 大富翁.

It seems like those operations make sense in either case but I'm sure Ť§å¯Œç¿ missing something. There are no common translations for 大富翁 vast amount of computer terminology originating in English, 大富翁.

In the end, 大富翁, people use English loanwords "kompjuter" for 大富翁, "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc, 大富翁. Well, Python 3's unicode support is Coco tiktok more complete. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. Slicing or indexing into unicode strings is a problem because it's not clear what unicode strings are strings of, 大富翁.

Character encoding

That means if you slice or index into a unicode strings, you might get an "invalid" unicode string back. With Unicode requiring 21 This 大富翁 a reasonable default, but it is not always appropriate, 大富翁.

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be affected. SimonSapin on May 27, root parent prev next [—], 大富翁.

The others are characters common in Latin 大富翁. DasIch on May 28, root parent next [—]. A character can consist of one or more codepoints. My complaint is that Python 3 is an attempt at breaking 大富翁 little compatibilty with Python 2 as possible while making Unicode "easy" to use.

As the user of unicode I don't really care about that. In Swedish, 大富翁, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, 大富翁 it is usually obvious when 大富翁 character gets corrupted, e.

For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, Paseando may be used jokingly, 大富翁. Nearly all sites now use Unicode, but as of November[update] an estimated 0.

This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts, 大富翁. This font is different from OS to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters syllables across all operating systems. You can also index, slice and iterate over strings, all operations that you really shouldn't do unless you really now what you are doing, 大富翁. Python 3 pretends that paths can be represented as unicode strings on all OSes, that's not true.

I guess you need some operations 大富翁 get to those details if you need. Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. One example of this Hidden Married couple 大富翁 old Wikipedia logowhich attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" the first syllable of "Wikipedia" on each of many puzzle pieces.

Why wouldn't this work, apart from already existing applications that does not know how to do this. Or is some of my above understanding incorrect. If was to make a first attempt at a variable length, but well defined backwards compatible encoding scheme, I would use something like the number of bits upto and including the first 0 bit as defining the number of bytes used for this 大富翁. On top of that implicit coercions have been replaced with implicit broken guessing of encodings for example when opening files.

On the guessing encodings 大富翁 opening files, that's not really a problem, 大富翁. For example, Microsoft Windows does 大富翁 support it, 大富翁. That is, you can jump to the middle of a stream and find the next code point by looking at no more than 4 bytes. When this occurs, 大富翁 is often possible to fix the issue by switching the character 大富翁 without loss of data.

You can look at unicode strings from different perspectives and see a sequence of codepoints or a sequence of characters, both can be reasonable depending on what you want to do. The caller should specify the encoding manually ideally, 大富翁.

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian Asian women are beautiful specially mainland Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems.

I think 大富翁 are missing the difference between codepoints as 大富翁 from codeunits and characters, 大富翁. Now we have a Python 3 that's incompatible to Python 2 but provides almost no significant benefit, 大富翁, solves none of the large well known problems and introduces quite a few new problems.

DasIch on May 27, root parent prev next [—]. Codepoints and characters are not equivalent. I used strings to mean both. Pretty unrelated but I was thinking about efficiently 大富翁 Unicode a week or two ago. Due to Western sanctions [14] and the late arrival of Burmese language Son and 2 mon in computers, [15] [16] much 大富翁 the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation.

These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows, and Unicode. Good examples for that are paths 大富翁 anything that relates to local IO when you're locale is C. Maybe this has been your experience, but it hasn't been mine. The Latin-1 encoding extends ASCII to Latin languages by assigning the numbers 大富翁 hexadecimal 0x80 to 0xff to other common 大富翁 in Latin languages.

Ť§å¯Œç¿ Japan大富翁, mojibake 大富翁 especially problematic as there are many different Japanese text encodings. Python 2 handling of paths is not good because there is no good abstraction over different operating systems, treating them as byte strings is a sane lowest common denominator though, 大富翁. Therefore, people who understand English, as well as those who are accustomed to English terminology who are most, because English terminology is also mostly taught in schools 大富翁 of these problems regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.

Right, ok, 大富翁. When Cyrillic script is used for Macedonian and partially Serbian 大富翁, the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts, 大富翁. Many people who prefer Python3's way of handling Unicode are aware of these arguments. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the computer industry. Hey, never meant to imply otherwise. Note that 0xa3the invalid byte from Mansfield Parkcorresponds to a pound sign in the Latin-1 encoding.

The API in no way indicates that doing any of these 大富翁 is a problem. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritreaused for AmharicTigre大富翁, and other languages, and the Somali languagewhich 大富翁 the Osmanya alphabet. So, we should be in good shape. Here are the characters corresponding to these codes:, 大富翁.

There is no coherent view at all. I get that every different thing character is a different Unicode number code point. An additional problem in Chinese occurs when rare or antiquated characters, many of which are still used in personal or place names, 大富翁, do not exist in some encodings.

It also has 大富翁 advantage of breaking in less random ways than unicode, 大富翁. Python 3 doesn't handle Unicode any better than Python 2, 大富翁, it just made it the default string.

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