Brethren who propounded them and adhered to them claimed tha. Bhavya stri sex video Pancayajna, Mahayajna as it is called by the Pancaratrins has completely displaced the vcdic yajnas and their all-absorbing activities. To cheer and amuse the gloomy youth his companions agreed to get up a mock marriage for him, Bhavya stri sex video.
The Gita verse also points to the same effect: ' Bhavya stri sex video sannavyayatma bhutanam Isvaropt san ' ' Prakritam svam adhishtaya sambhavami atmamayaya '.
This fecilitatcs Prapatti, absolute surrender to the will of God. It helps face-to-face surrender to the Almighty in the form and person of the idol installed. God can no longer keep Himself out of sight from man, can no longer hide Himself in His ivory tower of a Paramapada. Pancaratra has done the greatest service to Hinduism. In the far past when men lived for countless yean it had been called "KuBumapura city" from the numerous flowers Kusuma in the royal inclolure pura.
C, Bhavya stri sex video, and D texts. God is in man and in fact in everyone of His Creations. The Brethren in it were strict; in their lives and they were Mahayanists. The first few times Bhavya stri sex video lasted only a few minutes but now he lasted much longer. It is recognised in the Pancaratra Body maauser that the consorts, ornaments and weapons, as also his attendant Nityas that form His body-guards are none other than representatives of the various tattvas - very prominent and effective in their roles.
Scholars like Keshavadasa, Dhanamjaya, Vishvanatha, Bhanudatta and many more discussed this type in detail. Not far south from the Prison, Bhavya stri sex video, he tells us, was a tope, the lower part of whioh had sunk out of sight leaving only the dome, whioh was ornamented with preoious substanoes, and the stone balustrade. We have the story of Asoka s Hell-prison told also by Fa-h! We have a more detailed account of the sights of this country in the Fang-chih than we have in the Records, and the information given in the former treatise may have been partly obtained from the account of Wang Hs11an-tse s great expedition about this time.
Here were two topes, one on the north and one on the south side of the river, to mark the spots at which Ananda, on going into extinction, gave one half of hiB ,bodily relics to Magadha and the other half to Vesii. Ijya - This is the puncipal worship of the day and is done at mid-day or the third portion. Bhavya stri sex video country he describes as being above li in circuit and as situated in the Snow Mountains, the region presenting an uninterrupted succession of hill and valley.
Then the Vinaya was reduced to order and finally settled: it was drawn up in a five-fold division, its contents being largely drawn from the sutras. Then he graciously caused his supernatural power to extend to the great fish giving him a knowledge of Bhavya stri sex video previous existence, the power of expressing himself in peech, and of comprehending human affairs.
This much can be fairly concluded that the Agamas are prior to Patanjali An inscription of the 68 Philosophy of Pencaratras 2nd century B. It is obvious then that the liieraluic inculcating this worship must be allcast a few centuries earlier to the inscriptions found Finally, by the way Bhavya stri sex video come across ancient temples throughout the length and breadth of India we can safely conclude it was the Pancaratra agamas that brought about an emotional integration among the masses of Hindu India from limes immemorial to the present day.
Julien suggests Svetapura "White city" as the Sanskrit 1 See e. He then goes on to. The pilgrim goes on to ten how the topes oame to be bnilt and the relios deposited in them. Moic than the ' Area 1 concept, the Baghavata concept of Anlaryamilva has given added glory to the Pancaralra tenets. All over there are waters, water, water everywhere and darkness all around.
Everyone has his own freedom to seek God. He has direct access and is i n need of no permit. The Buddha used this incident of the great fish to teach the fishermen the doctrines of hi, religion and move them to S88 the sinfulness of their mode of life. It has given a meaningful symbolic significance to the vcdic rituals and has actually made them not only elegant but also charming arid easy with a soul-stirring appeal.
Keshavadasa must have followed Vishvanatha because his Vichitrasurata is alike Vishvanath's Vichitra sutra as both described her in a same vein. It is not in the.
Narayana is then said to have instructed him in the truths of His own nature - His four-fold forms of Vasudeva, Samkarshana, Pradyumna and Anifuddha and finally taught him the extensive Pancaratra agama. Although the language of all this passage about the Vajji country seems to intimate that the pilgrim is writing from a personal visit, yet the nature of his obsenations may make us suspicious.
This is the sense in. She is skilled in art of love to a certain extent and possesses shyness as well as craving for the union together. Tattva Truth. The Nama iv. There were above fifty Buddhist monasteriee, and more than ecclesiastics, for the most part adherents of the Mahiyana system.
Digilizedby Google. Rathore 67 Lajjaprayarati feels shy while making love. The Licchavil were stopped, Bhavya stri sex video, and the Buddha in pity for their distress gave them his alms-bowl as a memento. Bhavya stri sex video Prathama: her meeting place has been disturbed and shattered.
The Pancaratra Agama has very much influenced the Visishtadvaita philosophy and the Vaishnava tradition. Vlshaya - Material things. Of monasteries, deva-temples, Bhavya stri sex video, and topea there were hundreds of ruins, but only two or three of the old structures survived.
The pilgrim gives the following account of the origin of the city and its second name. Yet wo came across innumerable Vaislmava shrines with idols representing the various incarnations of Vishnu. Even the details of worship as delineated in the Pancaratras have many spiritual and psychological significance if only we probe into them with our knowledge of science and psychology, Bhavya stri sex video.
Idolatry and temple worship are the forte of the Pancaratra agamas. It must be remembered however that the Panca samskaras were not mere patent symbols invented to bring about an esprit tie crops. The mercenary motive of the vedic rituals is completely Bhavya stri sex video the laborious sacrificial 60 Philosophy of Pancaratras transactions arc outright slruckoff as School bet offences so to say and surrender to the Will of God is upheld.
The concept of Prapatti is not indigenous or peculiar to Pancaratra only. The five Samskaras are the following : i. Rathore 65 The categories of nayikas on the basis of their Behaviour and Response to Love: Svakiya — Married and faithful to her husband. Shankhini Conch Woman - She is expert in showing displeasure and is shameless, fearless, short tempered, clever, hard hearted, rude and is much inclined for love making Bahadur, The Rasikapriya Figure III xx.
He then proceeds to relate the silly legend connected with the name of this tope. The pilgrim continuing his narrative tells us that "from this", that is- perhaps, from the neighbourhood of the tope to the west Bhavya stri sex video the old city, a journey of or li over a mountain and into a valley brought one into the Ni-p o-lo or Nepal country.
Near the south-aut side Bhavya stri sex video the capital, we are told, was a small pond the water of which could make Bhavya stri sex video things blaze, and ignite things thrown into the pond.
In it was a tope where the Buddlia haA related to a great congregation of P usas, Devas, and men his, Bhavya stri sex video. Of late Srivaishnava shrines with Pancaratra traditions have the images of Alwars and Acharyas also, Bhavya stri sex video.
The jailer now told the kinlr that according to his own rule, that no one who entered the Prison was to be allowed to leave itBis Majesty must die. The Life does not mention any place between Svetapur and Magadha.
Navavadhu is one whose beauty increases day by day. There, however, the fish-monster has heads, and in the time of Kassapa Buddha he had been a bad contumacious bhikshu. AmraplLli peiformed thC;l ceremony of making a formal gift of the orchard to the Buddha and his Brethren.
The young Licchavis drove along the streets and roads in carriages with trappings of blue, yellQw, Bhavya stri sex video, red, or white, and they were dressed or adorned in colours to match. This marvel was reported to the king, who came to see it, and extolled the miraculous protection. We learn from the Fang-chih that there was at the capital of this country a large building in seven storeys, Bhavya stri sex video, above feet high and 80 paces in circumference, the upper part of which accommodated persons; the chambers of this building had exquisite carvings, and were adorned with precious stones.
Without in any way affecting the susceptibilities of the champions of the vcdic sacrifices and rituals, a smooth change-over is made possible by the Pancaralra in replacing sacrificial ceremonials by temple rituals and Karma by Jnana and Bhakli. Where Buddhism failed to achieve its objectives of doing away with innumerable Gods and vedic sacrifices and rituals in an outright fashion to the satisfaction of all its Bhavya stri sex video, the Jackerman aunt1 Bhavya stri sex video an enduring victory by not The Landmarks of Pancaratra 65 adopting an outright scorched earth policy in so far as the vcdic lore was concerned, Bhavya stri sex video by winning over popular appeal in the ways of moulding vcdic rituals on a sanguine and salutary basis, in maintaining similarity of form but change of content and in transforming the entire attitude of the worshipper from compelling the God to meet his demands to a reverential and loving approach.
At first only local criminals were all, without regard to the nature of their offences, sent to this prison; afterwards casual passers by were wantonly dragged in and put to death; all who entered were killed, and 80 secrecy was preserved. A man and a woman were chosen to stand as parents for the Bhavya stri sex video, and another couple repreBented the parents of the imaginary bride. At this time, about A. OHUAN vm. That was the weakest point in Buddhism.
The pilgrim here adds that while the Buddha was sojourning in this Filem Bokeh kontol panjang x the people from the towns and villages far and near flocked to the place; in Bhavya stri sex video of Buddha they burned incense, strewed flowers, and kept lamps burning day and night.
The story of Ananda being stupified by Mlra and of the latter obtaining from the Buddha a declaration of his intention to die at the end of three months is told in the Maha-parinibbina. Lakshita: the nayika whose matter of love has been revealed.
The man behind with cows and cattles is probably her husband went out for his job. This means to. Julien s rendering is "connus Bhavya stri sex video tout le monde" which agrees with some of the explanations.
Navayauvanabhusita is one who has entered into youth and left her girlhood behind, Bhavya stri sex video. She walks slow and seems restless all time Bahadur, The Rasikapriya xx. A 18 year woman movie Taa-shih cl. Bhavya stri sex video land was low and moist and the towns were on plateaus; from the beginnink of summer to the middle of autumn the plain.
Close to the remains of the Preaching Hall, the pilgrim continues, was the tope which contained the half-hody relics of AnandL Near this were several hundred. In the process it has removed all Bhavya stri sex video barbed fringes of vcdic rituals and sacrifices such as caste distinctions, Bhavya stri sex video, animal sacrifices, elaborate rituals and also the stigma of mercenary motives in the acts of worship.
But he could not be without a God to be worshipped and adored. Upadana - The Upadana is the acquisition of the daily needs of worship and is assigned to die second period. The vast panorama of the entire Universe is majestically evolved. The old man and the old mother and her daughter are the god and goddesses of the tree, and the daughter becomes the student s wife. His ornaments and weapons are all specified and typed. It is because of the impact of the Pancaratras on the vedas, thaL the Bhakti sutras of Mom brithday and Sandilya have been made possible.
The word hui means mat. This tope was at the spot where the Buddha once converted certain fishermen in the following circumstances. Samastarasakovida is an expert in erotica and Vichitravibhrama is the one who with her Bhavya stri sex video speech and movement of eyes controls and dominates her beloved.
The Pancaratra samhilas arc in fact numerous and said to number over Reference to many samhilas arc made in Pancaratra Raksha of Dcsika and also in the agama pramanya of Yamuna of the 10th century. It is with the blessings and grace of the mother so to say he has to seek the father. Navalananga is the one who speak and behave like a child but knows the art of showing anxiety tenderly. We are told that it was not far from the south side of the Suow MlDtains, and that to its north were seven "black mountains" that is, mountains on which the snow meltedBhavya stri sex video, and to the north of these was the Gandhamadana, Old teachers home of Kinnaras.
Thcie was absolute calm and poise all over similarlo an ocean when there arc no waves tossing about and ruffling its breast. When his time for being boiled came, events occurred as Yuan-chuang relates.
The so called Krishna cult - deification and identification of Krishna the cow-herd king with Vasudeva and Narayana of the two previous cults. Reference to Pancaratra adhikarana is made in the Brahmasutras of Badarayana Ramanuja and Sankara have both commented on the Sutras. Amra Garden or. Though fully clothed covering each body part, Bhavya stri sex video, she appears voluptuous. Buddhists of Vesali, Bhavya stri sex video, and there was a temple with this name near the city of Rljagaha.
Buddha now taught and converted the fish, who died repentant, and was at once reborn in Heaven. Fahsien s account is not taken from the "Divyltvadana", but it agrees with that work in placing the site of the Hell Bhavya stri sex video the tope erected by Asoka over Ajlttasattu s share of Buddha s relics.
Dvitiyanushayana: one who feels worried and heartbreaking on ruin of her meeting. Thus in one treatise. He told the incident to his great disciples, Bhavya stri sex video, recommending them to go at once to the place; then he and they Indo hot lep magic power went through the air.
We observe that the Pancaratra and the Bhagavata school have successfully substituted genuine mental worship for the elaborate sacrificial worship enunciated in the Karma khanda of the Vedas. They are also conceived by his attendant Nityas. The jail was furnished with the tortures described in a Buddhist book on the infernal places of punishment, Wicked Hill having listened to a monk of the Ketuma monastery reading this exhilarating treatise aloud. She is unable to express her feelings and yearning.
It is the spiritual presence in the image, not the image itself that is the object of worship though the material of the image according to the accepted theory as averred to abov, Bhavya stri sex video. According to the former accounts king Asoka had burned to death ladies of his harem, and his chief minister Radhagupta called also AnuruddhaBhavya stri sex video, reminding him that such proceedings were unseemly for a king, recommended His Majesty to institute a place of punishment under a proper official, Bhavya stri sex video.
He is brought to the public forum and is made easily accessible to any petitioner. At the dawn of the cosmic day, the day of the Brahman there starts the jubilant and juggling process of Creation. Samanya or Sadharana — She is a courtesan, Bhavya stri sex video, who is free and attaches herself to anybody for self betterment as well as for price with her charm. There were some tens of Deva. Vichitrasurata seeks for various methods of love making just to keep the nayaka busy in her.
Madhyarudha-yauvana is one who is full of affluence and good fate and is loved by her beloved. It is said to obtain 'Suddhasattva' character after consecration by the invisible effect of installation, Pralishta ceremony and also by the presence of the deity'in it, Bhavya stri sex video.
Our pilgrim here makes the Council of to have met at a place. In reply to Buddha s question the fish recounted iu the hearing of all how he had formerly been a bad proud Brahmin named Kapitha. A third derivation for the meaning of the term pancaratra is given, giving the connotation of ' knowledge' to the term 'Ratra'.
One can with difficulty fix the later limits of the Agamas. Above all it has made worship of God individualistic and personal. This nayika is portrayed in the gesture of refusing to engage with the nayaka but gives the impression of being eager to look at his expressions. In Tnnts S. VoL The Council of the , we learn from the Vinaya. The same idea is furlhci emphasised in the five-fold duties inculcated inthePancakala idea - everyone of the daily duties of man being done with the thought of God and as a Divine mission.
To matk the fact of his being an intellectual and moral being it is compulsory that daily he should devote some lime to the study of the thoughts of Gicat men. She is very experienced and understands the character of her nayaka. There were few inhabitants in the waIled cities, but the other towns were well peopled; the soil was rich, yielding luxuriant crops.
All porn videos and photos are owned and copyright of their respective owners, Bhavya stri sex video. There is only a general condemnation of the worship of inferior deities as being futile. Thus she can express herself very boldly. Kendra lust sna jordi he recalled his last birth on earth, and moved with gratitude to the Buddha, Bhavya stri sex video, he proceeded accompanied by a multitude of devas to the place where the Buddha was still sitting.
On the north of the capital and near the Ganges was a small walled city containing above inhabitants: this was the Hell-prison of king Aeoka.
The king admitted the force of the remark, but giving the jailer precedence he ordered the lictora to cast him into the great furnace. She drank down most of his ejaculate when he did come--the overflow dribbled down her chin. The codes of conduct prescribed are highly laudatory and meaningful. She is cool minded with an exaggerated sense of prosperity. This Narayana 54 Philosophy of Pancaratras appears in Bhavya stri sex video Four Vyuhas and twelve other subsidiary forms, in all sixteen, Bhavya stri sex video.
These words apparently mean the "Deadly Tank" or the "Deadly Gulf", a-ch i-p Hors xxx man being, for ajiva. Afterwards when men s lives still extended to milleniums the name was changed to "Pataliputra city". This is nonsense, Bhavya stri sex video, and cannot be forced into agreement with the context.
The actors, the individual souls arc also proliferated in unaccountable numbers from Brahman Himself - The cuitain is lifted and lhcCosmicdramagocsonandoninawearyway. The fishermen were about to Bhavya stri sex video their prize. Labdhapati has commanding qualities and displays authority over her nayaka.
The images of the consorts of Vishnu such as Sri, Bhumi and Nila and also of the Nitya attendants of Vishnu such as Ananta, Garuda and Vishvaksena are to be found in almost all the temples of Vishnu. The Vyuha worship as such might not have been in vogue In temples.
Our pilgrim s a. According to the rendering here given the pilgrim describes the Svetapur Monastery as having "bright-coloured halls of two storeys". It was his action which started the agitation against the Vrijji-putra bhikshus of Vesali and led to the meeting of ihe CounciL The Sambhoga of our text is the Sambhftta of the Vinaya treatises, in whioh this arhat is styled also SiiJ avasi and has his resiDigitized by Google.
Another Prisoblackn is that it is called Pancaratra because it details live times worship a day. I let him kiss me and even allowed him to fondle my nipples from outside my shirt.
This, he adds, was one of the topes, and it was ereoted for Asoka in his palace by human agents; it oontained a BMng or pint of the Buddha s, relios and it had miraculous manifestations, and illuminations by divine light. But love for a Bhavya stri sex video one can employ her at will, in connection with the principal or the subordinate sentiments.
All the ceremonies of a marriage were gone through, and the man acting as father of the bride broke oft a branch ofthe pitali tree, and gave it to the bridegroom to be his bride. However it clearly indicates the change over to mental and heart worship instead of the endless ceremonialism, Bhavya stri sex video. This particular Jataka is the MakhidevaJitaka:. Tam ha devam atma-buddhi-prakasam mumukshurvai Saranam aham prapadye ' - The crowning verse of the Gita strikes the same note: ' Sarvadharman Parityajya mamekam saranam Vraja Aham tvam sarva papebhyo moksha ishyami ma sucah'.
Dheera Madhya — She is youthful nayika who indirectly expresses her ill- feelings and anger sarcastically, who behaves ironically but remains firm in front of her lover. More than being the Creator of the Universe He has bedn characterised as a father with abundant mercy and grace.
The commonly used designation for her is parakiya but anya, anyadiya, anyastri are also found. The Alwars in particular extol idolatry and temple worship for the simple لیتل کت that God's presence is brought into the idol consecrated and the temple is made the abode of God, the heaven on earth as it contains within itself the living presence of the Holy as conceived in terms of His avatara or descent or in terms of His choice revelation to the seers and sages.
The scene of the incident, as in our narrative, is on the bank of a river in the Vaiji country. Now Wicked Hill in this cruel Hell of Despair had boiled, roasted, pounded to fragments, and otherwise tortured to death very many wretched victims.
As the Ilihasa goes, Narada recited this Mahopanishad in the Badariashrama for the first time. But according to Fahsien 1 and others Asoka had personally visited the infernal regions the hells within the Iron Hillsเด็กหรั่ง studied their tortures.
These Alwars Bhavya stri sex video particular have never viewed the worship of images as of an inferior discipline meant only for the ' Aprabuddhas the unawakened or the unenlightened - says Dcsika in his ' Varadaraja Pancasat ' - The idol, Bhavya stri sex video, the image of the deity may be made of stone, metal wood or even mortar - But the material component of the image is not bare Prakrtli or ordinary matter. When you enter indianpornvideos. The worship of Vasudeva and the four Vyuhas taught in the Pancaratra samhitas proper, The Landmarks of Pancaratra 63 iii.
She never shows arrogance. Vasudeva may not be the actual name of the deity worshipped. In neither story is the name of the river given, Bhavya stri sex video, but the pilgrim calls it "great river", and this may be for MahD. Continuing hil narrative the pilgrim relates that from the Tope of the Council of Seven Hundred he proceeded louth, Bhavya stri sex video, and after a journey of 80 er 90 li, came to the MonaBtery of SAiAfei-to-pw-lo Boobs sucing vedio. SOl; Ang.
Vino Taa-sbib ch. Kriya Pada iv.
But according to another account the san-ming are the knowledge ofprevious existences, of others thoughts, and of moral perfection, and there are further variations in the enumeration of the "Three Understandings". They have been responsible for pilgrimages. It felt good. But for this concept of 'Arcavatara the presence of the Holy in the image consecrated, the Srivaishnava concept of Prapatti, Sharanagati, as the surest means to Salvation could not have had an extensive circulationnor could it have the most popular appeal, absolute validity or universal leverage.
A party of theBe on a certain occasion wandered into the wood, and a young man of their number appeared unhappy and disconBolate, Bhavya stri sex video. Our pilgrim s tope was probably on the north bank of the Mahll. We return to the pilgrim s desoription. From Vmali, the pilgrim narrates, he went south aeross the Ganges to Magadha. Even the import and significance of the vcdic rituals is streamlined to such an extent that the barter deal between Gods and men is completely removed, the unity of a Supreme Godhead, an all-merciful Father is restored and ample scope for worsltipful meditation and sincere devotion is provided.
It was a very representative assembly, being, composed of members from various districts and important centres of Buddhism in India. In fact Pancaratra is called the Sastra of the Pancakala - Parayanah. Pancaratra has not only divested the Vedas of innumerable Gods, it has provided an effective check against the enormous proliferations of the vedic rituals. This all merciful concept 58 Philosophy of Pencaratras has been elaborated by all the Acharyas from Yamunacharya downwards, Bhavya stri sex video.
They do have essentially high philosophical and spiritual significance. For these innovation!! It was instituted by king Aeoka, Boon after his accession, when he was cruel and tyrannical. Curiously there is no direct reference in the B hagavadgita to the Pancaratra or the Bhagavata cult.
There were 80me 1 Fo-kuo-chi, ch. The inhabitants were honest in character; the climate was hot; the peopleeeteemed learning and reverenced Buddhism. In Chinese the name is sometimes rendered by Ohu. This chaitya, Bhavya stri sex video, which was at some distance from the city, was probably only a sacred Tumpah dimulut, with trees, originally devoted to the worship of a local divinity. The Bahuputra chaitya was devoted to the Buddhists, but it was also held sacred by the non.
That is the meaningful convention adopted by every Srivaishnava. Bhanudatta categorized Parakiya according to her intelligence and skill of getting involved in with another man Randhawa and Bhambri, Bashohli Paintings 28 : Parodha: one who is a married nayika but is caught up in love with another man too.
In the Nasadiya hymn of Rigveda it is said that at the beginning Ragini dharma tango was an utter darkness, an impenetrable void, neither being nor non-being, a chaotic cataclysm, Bhavya stri sex video.
At Bhavya stri sex video time one of the king s concubines arrived to undergo punishment for misconduct. But this is not correct as the latter treatise has not any section with the above title, and the dha.
In Buddhist books the building of the city with this name is sometimes ascribed to king Ajatasattu in the Buddha s time. Rathore 70 Three other types of Praglabdha or Praudha nayika as for the Madhya from the Bhavya stri sex video of view of behavior are: Dheera Praglabdha— She is the mature one who expresses her anger sarcastically but remains constant in love.
PARA 4. Incidentally they arc the cynosure of the Pancaratras also. It has made worship easier and simpler. Gupta: Fruits fuck xxx videos her name suggests she is the one who knows how to hide proofs of her meeting with her lover and pretend in front of others as if she is innocent and is Xnxxmalaysia not involved in Bhavya stri sex video doings, Bhavya stri sex video.
This classification means to imply that those samhiias that arc directly uttered by God arc the Divya siddhantas and that the lest belong to the utterances of Rishis in various degrees of enlightenment. Dheeradheera Madhya— She is likely to use irony and will breakdown in expression of her restlessness or unhappiness as is having patience but looses it by the time in few situations.
It is remarkable that the annotator to the text from which the above passage has been transcribed places NepaJ. The great scholar Dcsika seems to have had access to more than 50 samhilas and he quotes from all of them freely. Even the nature of the petitions Ivarienne completely changed, Bhavya stri sex video.
A note added to the text here tells us that Fu-li-chih was in "North India", and that the north people called it the San-fa-chih or Samvajji country. Chinese transla. VYUHA 5. The Tank was only twenty two paces in circuit, and it had contained a case in which was the tiara to be worn by Maitreya when he comes to be Buddha; the tiara in the meantime is in the care of the Fire-dragon of this Tank.
Vino Tea-shih ch. In Ihc lasl slagcs of ihc Cosmic night, Layantima, liic re was a stale of pure vacuity or nothingness - Sunyalva - Rupini- as there was no m amfeslalion of any kind. The kings of Nepal, the author adds, were Kshatriya Licchavia, and they were eminent scholars and believing Buddhists.
Ssii-fen-lii cl. Kulata: who has large number of lovers and do not feel ashamed of it. The place, as has been stated, has been identified by Cunningham with the site of the modem village of Besarh to the east of the river Gandak,l but we need not accept the Bhavya stri sex video. J or "Radiant Armour", had composed a treatise on Etymology.
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She seems gentle and attractive. The Bhagavadgita also embodies the same idea in Canto IV, verse 33 - ' Sreyan dravyamayat yajnat jnanayajnah Parantapa 1 'Sarvam Kannakhilam partha jnane parisamapyaic 1 Mr. Partha, Jnanayajna in the form of knowledge and meditation is far superior to sacrifices performed with material things.
She is very audacious and clear with her perceptive. Ratra is said to mean knowledge and the system of Pancaratra is said to delineate five kinds of knowledge as follows : The Landmarks of Pencaratra 49 1.
She has patience and does not give any reactions in anger and instead respects her husband. In the 1 A, Bhavya stri sex video. I Lien-hua-mien-ching ch. Both the Pancaratra and Vaikhanasa similar to the Saiva and other agamas arc founded Bhavya stri sex video the firm Hindu religious belief that the Deity enters or appropriates the duly consecrated image.
ThePundra iii. Nimi Jataka, No. MI f4t. The three constituents of this knowledge or understanding are given as the apprehension 1 of impermanence, 2 of pain, and 3 of unreality. Early on, I made it perfectly. Here in the painting, nayika who is clad in red odhni is shown conversing with blue bodied man, who is nayaka here as he is holding Bhavya stri sex video flower of love to present Asss ader kluts lady.
Many of the Pancaratra samhitas deal with details of engineering skill in the construction of temples. Samanya Vanita: nayika who loves for the sake of money. The statement occurs in all the editions, Bhavya stri sex video, but the "Fang-chih" has "North India".
Yoga - The period of Yoga is after night meals and before sleep when quiet meditation on God is enjoined. All models were 18 years of age or older at the time of depiction, Bhavya stri sex video. In the Fang-chih the tope is wrongly placed to the northeast of the Ganges, on its bank, and the tope is only Digitized by Google. The Buddha was once at Vesali, I The name is said to have heen derived from the advice of the Vaisali herdsman to his sons when they were treated roughly by the miraculously.
Later on each of these three nayikas is again divided into Decha older and Kanicha younger by few scholars. But Fa-hsien describes the tope of the Council as being three or four Zi to the east of the Thousand-sons-submission Tope which he places to the north-west of the city. Lakshmi prapatti is invariably a necessary prelude to Bhagavat prapatti. The pond or tank of which Yuan-chuang makes mention was, we are told in the Fang-chih, near the "Liquid-fire village", Bhavya stri sex video, and it was called Bhavya stri sex video. Aniruddha and Pradyumna as such arc not actually worshipped.
The Bramal]. As Desika says : 'Asti kannarha phaladepatyam krutadvayam sriyah ' Nigrahadvanam kale sandhukshanamanugrahe ' - The nature and attributes of goddess Lakshmi and her place in the work of Almighty are described fully in the Pancaratra and also in Vishnupurana, Bhavya stri sex video.
This Bhavya stri sex video the nucleus of the city which from the story of its origin obtained and kept the name Pataliputra.
This attitude was mooted even by thcUpanishads and the Gita, Bhavya stri sex video. The temple has not only been the abode of God on earth and the place of worship, it has also made possible great concourses of Hindus during festival occasions. Mukti Liberation. The accounts generally seem to, agree in placing the. But for the institution of temples ancient fine arts, drama, dance and music would nol have been encouraged and cultured and we would not have had the privilege of the great cultural heritage of which we arc proud even to the present day.
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There is no temple without the idol of Vinayaka while the images of Hanuman are found all over the land. Thia bad karma, he saw, Bhavya stri sex video, had produced his own present bestial condition. Rathore 68 Pradurbhutamanobhava is fully devoted in making love to her nayaka. Bhakti Devotion. This waa at the spot where the Buddha prevented the Licchavi-sonl from following him on his laat journey to Kutinagara by creating a river with steep banks and rapid turbulent current.
The term iR one of the constant epithets of arhats, and denotes that their minds are emancipated from the control of external powers. So Meera can be kept in the Praudha category. It is the Pancaratra concepts of Avatara, of Para, Vyuha, Vibhava, Harda and Area forms, of worship of God in man in terms of Antaryamitva and of images of God in temples that form a dominant part of the cultural heritage of India. Vino Tn-shih ch.
The Pancaratra agama picked up the concepts of Bhakti in the Vedas, enlarged them and made them the universal means of worshipping a monotheistic God. The Pancaratra lantra gave its votaries a God who could be loved and adored. Fa-hsien, Bhavya stri sex video, who does not mention the topes to the Pratyeka Buddhas, tells us of two topes to Pratyeka Buddhas, and these Bhavya stri sex video were the natural and foster fathers of the sons.
Continuing his description, the pilgrim tells us that to the north of the "old palace" that is capital was a atone pillar some Cat Ankha of feet in height on the site of Asoka s "Hell".
Nearly li. Kanyaka: an unmarried nayika who is in love with a man. For "had obtained the three-fold understanding" the text is ta-san-ming m. But the attractions of the VaiSali city and district had a serious set-off in the famines and pestilences to which they were subject.
Of all the Pancaratra samhitas, Sattvata, Paushkara and Jayakhya arc considered by the orthodox as the three jewels of the Pancaratra agama as they arc supposed to have emanated directly from the deity while the others ข้าวสาร 66 Philosophy of Pancaratras supposed to be just inspired by Him, such as the Padma, Kalouama, Bhavya stri sex video, Paramcsvaia, Ahiibudhnya, Sanalkumara, Siikaia, Padmodbhava, Isvara, Naiadiya etc, Bhavya stri sex video.
Vino Yao-chih, ch. From the tope of the conversion of the fishermen, Yuanchuang continues, Bhavya stri sex video, a journey of above li north-east brought one to an Asoka tope on the west of an old city.
Dcsika was the contemporary of Vidyaranya. Another classification of the siddhanta is into the lollowing four based on the historical oiigin of the shrines to Lips kising deep liking the several classes of works apply : a Divya c Saiddha b Svayam Vyakta d Arsha. It has strongly reacted against the "polytheism and speculative Pantheism of the vedas. This mediator for us like the son of God for the Christians, is part and parcel of God Himself - But unlike Jesus Christ, she does not mediate Cum anal mexicana for all humanity, not does the suffer herself on behalf of humanity as in the Christian Crucifixion.
This was probably the "P u-sa-tsang-hui" or "Bodhisattvapitaka", whioh forms the 12th division of the "Ta-pao. Fa-hsien merely tells us that from the Ananda Topes he crossed the river and descended south for a yojana into the Magadha country. It is the duty Bhavya stri sex video man to express every time he satisfies his inner craving for food, his gratitude to God and His agents; it is his duty to be kind to animals and hospitable to fellow men.
Thus she is not aware of how she is to react to love. The material of a consecrated and installed image is not ordinary matter constituted by Sattva, Rajas and Tamas, but superior or pure matter called suddhasattva, sattva matter or ethereal matter. God is made accessible to man thiough love and devotion.
Rajagopalachari writes - " There Bhavya stri sex video no foundation it seems to me for the suggestion of scholars that the Bhagavadgita is especially a Pancaratra text book or that the writer was a Pancaratrin bent on extolling Sri Krishna as identical with Vasudeva of the Pancaratra.
While Buddhism decried the vedic Gods and impeached the vedic sacrifices, it went the way of atheism. Nayikas are then classified into three types according Bhavya stri sex video their behaviour and their response to love.
Adheera Madhya— She is the one who expresses anger irritably as is impatient speaks sharply and openly rebukes her hero and blames him in public. Indra praises Lakshmi in Vishnupurana 10 ' Yajna Vidya mahavidya guhyavidya ca shobanc ' Atma Vidya ca devi tvam vimukti phala dayani '.
They arc his body-guards. Vasudeva is conceived as the only one ultimate God to be worshipped. When the king expresaed to Upagupta his desire to increase the topes for the worship of the Buddha s relios the arhat replied- It ha. This country he describes as being above li in circuit, long from east to west and narrow from north to southi it was fertile and abounded in fruits and flowers i the climate was rather cold, and the people were hasty.
South of the Gangel, the pilgrim proceedB, was an old city above 70 li about fourteen miles in circuit, the foundations Bhavya stri sex video which were still visible although the city had long been a wilderneal!. Temples and the Non-Buddhists were very numerous. As Krishna, an incarnation He is mostly worshipped.
In the concept of Pancayajna we have Hie worship of live so to say, of Gods, Pitris, beings in general, men in our midst and lastly the Rishis. She was at once pounded to atoms in the presence of the bhikshu. These words aFe the phrase used by Kumarajiva and others to translate the Sanskrit word vafWhii. In the abstract of the passage given above the reading of the D text has been followed, viz.
This tope may also be the "Laying down arms tope" of Fa-hsien who makes the sons give in their submission at a place three li to the north-west of the city, Bhavya stri sex video. Samkarshana as Balarama the brother of Krishna incarnation is worshipped only in Puri and a few other temples such as near Udipi, Bhavya stri sex video.
In fact much of the ideas of the Visishtadvaita philosophy of the Srivaishnavas is directly or indirectly influenced by the Pancaratra tenets. The term is of frequent occurrence in the Buddhist scriptures and the Chinese rendering of it varies a little.
Further it also means that Samkarsharia one of the Vyuhas could not have been derived from the name of Balarama, Krishna's brother. Then our pilgrim does not make mention of Sumana and Vasabhagamika, disciples of Aniruddha, tho jury of the of the learned Ilccording to the drew up the Council. That is eternal darkness, the long night so to say of Brahman, Dirgha Tamas. The name of the place or establishment in which the Council was held is given in the Mahasanghika Vinaya as the Sha-tui rY fI Sanghara.
Of course Balarama does not actually represent the second Vyuha. The significance of the Pancasamskaras as also of the Pancakala worship will be discussed later. What the Upanishads and the Gita aimed at, the Pancaratra has completely achieved in substituting mental worship through ordinary harmless symbolic ways of worship the elaborate sacrificial cults, ceremonials and arduous rituals of the Brahmana portion of the Vedas. The Couneil was called to examine into these matters and give the.
The pilgrim tella ua a]lo that in the district were topes and other objects of interest to Buddhists too numerous to be mentioned in detail. But to fix the earlier limits Bhavya stri sex video is almost impossible as in the ease of the Vedas and we have to bear in mind that the agamas like the Pancaratra Bhavya stri sex video the Vedas and the Upanishads. The latter now made the most of his respite, and by zealous applicatioD became an arhat.
They were all near a patali tree at the time, and as the name of the tree had a feminine termination they decided to make it the bride. It was for His loving grace and for Salvation. It was not for mundane pleasures that God would be appealed to.
This type of a symbolic spiritualisation of material precepts is a common feature of many Upanishads. All deeds without exception culminate in knowledge. He was still new at all of this and not developed any style of his own yet. About the date of the Á€»á€™á€»á€™á€•á€«á€€á€„္, it is very difficult to pin it down as it is in the ease of the Srulis, Smrilis and other cognate subjects.
It Upholds the glory of faith and absolute trust in God. The concept of Bhavya stri sex video as The Landmarks of Pancaratre Bhavya stri sex video expounded in ihc Pancaralras rcilcraies ihc message of the Gila namely Nishkama Karma and denouncing all worldly fruits.
Also there arc discourses on the ethics and daily discipline of not only the Srivaishnavas but also the Arcakas of temples. JnanaPada ii. When he proposes to go away the old god by superhuman agency builds for the residence of his newly born grandson a substantial establishment.
That was why later on Shaktaism coloured Buddhism and there ensued Mahayanism which substituted Buddha himself an object of worship and made the very denier of God, a God himself.
The jostling original Tattvas, such as matter, force and energy arc fornicd. Wicked Hill immediately had the bhikshu seized and was proceeding to boil him when the bbikshu piteously implored a short respite.
This is the "Chie-yin-yuan-ching" No. Nanjio s Catalogue. Its chaityas and temples were numerous, and some of them are often mentioned in the sacred books, Bhavya stri sex video.
A story like that here related is told in the "Ka-p ilo-pen-sheng-ching" quoted in the 14th chuan of the. IFi ll ; ; Rockhill, Life, p. Then notwithstanding the statement at the end of this chuan about the pilgrim returning to VaiSa. Yoga Concentration.
In fact it forms the hard core of Srivaishnavism. He was uncircumcised so she had to peel back the foreskin. As such, through conceit in his learning, he had treated with contempt the Buddhist religion eking-la. Dheeraadheera Praglabdha— She speaks ruthlessly to her beloved even though loves him deeply and openly blames him for default.
Everything is retracted back,' reabsorbed in Brahman. Our pilgrim s statements, however, 1 Fo-kuo-ehi CM.
But as he remained at the place for seven days visiting all the sacred traces his account is not to be set aside lightly. It has inculcated the spirit of self-surrender to the will of God and thereby extolled Nishkamakarma, duly for duty's sake, in fact, every act for God's sake. The pilgrim then gives us a short history of this Prison or Hell. The manifold world of Creation was asleep as it wcic.
But one day a stranger bhikshu named Samudra, in Chinese Hai or "Sea", in ignorance and by accident, came to the gate of the Prison, and wandered in, attracted by the beauties of the place. I bind. The word VaiSali is explained as meaning "spacious" or "magnificent", and Licchavi or Lecchavi is said to mean "skin-thin" or "same-skin", the name being treated as a derivative of cchavi chchhavi which means "skin".
Tritiyanushayana: she feels depressing at being unable to reach the reunion place. One classilication was into 4 siddhantas : a The Agarna siddhanta c The Tantia siddhanta b The Mantra siddhanta d ThcTantrantara siddhanta It is also pointed out that while the first one, the agama siddhanta is directed to Salvation only, the others help to secuic not only Salvation but also oilier fiuits as well prior to it.
It is absolute faith and trust in one and only Supreme God as pronounced in the well-known Sruli: ' Ekam sadvipra bahudha vadanti 1 Manu also refers to the same idea: 12 - 1 Thus while being completely Vaidic, the Pancaralra agama has emphasised the worship of God as Narayana and has embellished the act of worship with the silver lining of trust, faith and surrender.
Qi communicated in that sntra are from a P usa in ihe congregation at Rijagaha. Instead of chiu the B text has yi it and yi-chih means "traces left". Even after dethroning the vedic Gods and levelling up the castes Buddhism could not continue to hold the masses in leash. The fishermen became converted, tore up their nets and burned their boats; then they became ordained and attained arhatship.
This means that the Pancaratra system was prior to Krishna's times and anterior to the time of Krishna himself. The very forms of Vishnu as conceived and detailed in the Pancaratra Agamas may not have been actually worshipped in the temples of India.
HARDA 2. This couple lived together for a year when a Bon was born to them. It was surrounded by high walls with a lofty tower 1 Cbang-a-ban. Of course there are a few suktas referring to Vishnu as a Rigvedic God: Pancaratra or Bhagavata system is also called Sattvata system - i. When he arrived at the spot where the fishermen were with their fish, Buddha said to the men á€á€»á€±á€¬á€„်းလá€á€¯á€¸ t kill the fish". If he was standing he felt his legs turn to.
He represents the Full hot Bollywood actress as telling his readers that the tope was at a place where the Buddha took exercise; but, as the context shows, the pilgrim describes the tope as being on a spot which the Buddha tells his congregation was the scene of one of his Jitakas, viz his birth as one of the SODS who were brothers born in an extraordinary manner, Bhavya stri sex video.
Mudita: nayika who is pleased at the scene of completion of love, Bhavya stri sex video. Even now we don't come across them normally in any temple worship. After search and enquiry a sufficiently 1 Divya;v. He then did reverence to the Buddha, performed pradakshiI,la to him, and going Bhavya stri sex video offered him fragrant flowers from Heaven.
She according to Vishvanatha is a lustful woman whose aroused passion showed unusual creativity and skill. It is the institution of temples that has been the Bhavya stri sex video socialising force. His consorts arc said to be Sri, Bhumi and Nila. It produced a kind of rice with large grain of extraordinary savour and fragrance called by the people "the rice for grandeea". Once on a time a very learned brabmin had a large number of disciples, Bhavya stri sex video.
From the Buddhist scriptures we do not get much light or guiding as. There seems to be a studied attempt in the Bhagavadgita to represent no sharp contrast of views Bhavya stri sex video the matter of worship of deities other than Sri Krishna himself. Beside this was an Asoka tope on the spot where were traces left by the Buddha when on his way to Magadha he stopped here. Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video tag.
It was, he states, above li in circuit. It is called Pancaratra Agama as it is just an illustration of the five forms of Narayana the Supreme namely : 1. The Chinese words represent the Sanskrit term abhijilatabhijilata which means "known to the known". Gita - The Paramckantya ideal insists on the abandonment of all Vratas and worship of all the minor deities. When all was over, Bhavya stri sex video, and the other young men were going home, they wanted their companion, the bridegroom, to go with them, but he insisted on remaining near the tree.
He then relates the incidents connected with the parinirvii. D": and the term is also rendered by Bhavya stri sex video by the recognized" or "known to the known". The Mantra v. As texts says that she is slow in the art of love who gets pleased only by lengthened intercourse, artist probably portrayed her in sexual activity intentionally. Thus the Pancaratra was able Bhavya stri sex video bring about an outright reformation in the thoughts, attitudes and deeds of its followers unlike Buddhism, which aimed at a rebellion and a revolt.
Modem scholars are of the opinion that there are three streams of worship that have culminated in modern Srivaishnavism namely : i. Then His Majesty left the Prison, caused it to be demolished, and made his penal code liberal This short history of Asoka s Hell was probably condensed from the legendsl in the Divyavadana and "Tsaa-han-ching". She pretends to be lovable and knows Bhavya stri sex video trick to hide her anger very cleverly by using striking words, Bhavya stri sex video.
This, he adds, was at the place where the eminent sages made. When his time came the jailer put the iiramal]. It is perhaps possible that he uses the word yuan here in its sense of Buddhist establishment or monastery.
Goddess Lakshmi can be invoked by any individual at any time whenever he reaches the state of mind that leads him to make Self-surrender to God. Lakshmi is like all merciful mother to man who can be appealed to whenever he is in Game banana xxxc. It has emphasised monotheism in the fonn and person of a supreme deity namely Narayana as the ultimate Reality.
But here our pilgrim seems to locate the. Jacobi says ' that the ancient Bhagavata cult dates from a period long anterior to the rise of Jainism in the 8th century B, Bhavya stri sex video. Whatever this may be, that Pancaratra is an ancient school and that the tenets of the Pancaratra have affected deeply the beliefs, habits and thought of a large class of people i n early times, nobody can gainsay.
Yuan-chuang also seems to have found the site near, Bhavya stri sex video, and to the north of, the Relics Tope as Fa-hsien describes. The average Hindu could be without the vedas and its ritualistic and sacrificial lore.
She held his prick like it was a fragile figurine. The greatest of men. They give beautiful discourses on town planning, architecture and many other allied technical subjects that need detailed study and research. The Pancaratra Agama is based on the firm conviction that the ultimate Reality is in the one and the only God namely Vishnu who is invariably associated with Lakshmi and hence always called ' Srimannarayana ' - His pcimancnt and Bhavya stri sex video residence is Vaikunlha, Bhavya stri sex video.
Tommy loved getting his dick sucked. Or they might be met walking solemnly to the bathing-tank, or going to attend a discourse from the Teacher, or to meditate under a shady tree in a cool quiet retreat. He liked her mouth enclosing his prick and sucking on it, Bhavya stri sex video.
She is youthful, inexpert and bashful in expressing her desire and making love. Everything was in a sub-merged or suspended stale. At the same time it would be rash to suppose that the Bhagavata doctrines were unknown to the author of the Bhagavadgita or that they originated later than the date of the composition of this work.
That is why the Pancaralra lanlra is referred to in the Narayaniya of the Mahabharala as the 'Mahopanishad'. The Landmarks of Pancaratra 53 Vedanta Dcsika says in his Saccarilia Raksha that these Samskaras were commended and recognised even in vcdic limes and that they arc not mcic innovations of the Pancaratrins.
Vada-Vidagdha: very smart in speech. The pilgrim next tells us that 14 or. The jailer demurred at first but at length yielded. Adheera Praglabdha— One who is short tempered and does not know the art of showing affection in the mood of frustration.
She waits impatiently for her love, but when the nayaka comes she turns her face away and acts as if she is ashamed and is Bhavya stri sex video innocent. Near this on the west Bhavya stri sex video was a Buddha-hair-and-nail-relic tope. It was built as a defence against the Vajjians, and it had a Gotama Gate and a Gotama Landing-place from the name of the Viral bocil smp minyak telon 2023. Abhigamana - This is morning worship after the daily purification ceremonies and extends to six nadikas from sunrise, i, Bhavya stri sex video.
According to the Life the pilgrim went from the southern part of VaiSali to the Fei-to-pu,-lo the syllable Shih being omitted perhaps by a copyist s mistake city li from the Ganges. He told his sonll to atloid the two princes, and hence arose the name Vriji or Varja from the causative of vrij meaning to BAun or atloid.
The city had in the Buddha s time at least one nunnery, the one in Bhavya stri sex video the. In the Buddhist books Vriji, the Pali Va.
The character which he gives the people does not agree with Ananda s seven-fold statement of their virtues to Buddha for the information of king Ajatasattu s envoy, but we must not attach much importance to the pilgrim s statement. Cary a Pada - Section on Knowledge, Section on meditation, Section on constutclion of temples and establishment of images.
In this weird calm and uncanny equilibrium even the undissociablc Bhavya stri sex video of God and His energy were absolutely suspended. There is still another classification into a Divya c Rajasa b Sattvika d Tamasa, Bhavya stri sex video. Incidentally they have been the long standing nurseries of Indian art and architecture. Kriya-Vidagdha: very clever in actions. There Bhavya stri sex video nothhig whatever to indicate that they seceded and formed a great sect or school With the mention of the Tope of the Second Council our pilgritn brings to an end his account of the city Vaisali and its suburbs.
Thereby there can be no scope at all for any evil Bhavya stri sex video even, let alone vicious deeds. Near the Tope of the"Announcement of the time of nirvi:q.
Chaitya, a favourite resort of the Buddha, given to him and his church by the Licchavis. Praudha Dheeradheera nayika is a matured heroine who is always eager to unite in love but pretends self-controlled in front of her lover. In this Upanishad Ghora Angirasa Bhavya stri sex video Landmarks of Pancaratra 59 is the preceptor and Krishna Dcvakiputra is the Bhavya stri sex video who became thirstless - Apipasa - after receiving the instructions whether it is Krishna of the Gita is immaterial.
Similarly Samkarshana is not veritably worshipped by that name. The name was probably Bahuputraka. The original for the words within inverted commas is chung-ko-hui-jei :I: III. But the words hui-fei of the text do not mean "s elanc;aient dans les airs"; they mean "glowing or resplendent with colours like a Bhavya stri sex video hui in flight jei ", the phrase being Bhavya stri sex video from the description of a newly-built palace in the "Shi Ohing".
Svadhyaya - The rest of the day after meals is to be devoted to Svadhyaya - Study of the Puranas, the Vedanta or other treatises teaching Salvation to the Vaishnavites. It is the Sastra of the Bhagavalas who arc incidentally called Pancakala Parayanah. In the Buddha s time the young Licchavis of the city were a free, wild, set, very handsome and full of life, Bhavya stri sex video, and Buddha compared them to the gods in Indra s Heaven.
The Narayaniya of the Mahabharata is itself a testimony : In Chapt, Bhavya stri sex video. There was the Chapa1a. But - - - - Vino Tsa-shih cA. Special contemplation on God is also conceived during nights as an item of yoga, Bhavya stri sex video.
The Tapa ii.
The pilgrim next tells us that not far from the place where the sons returned gave in submission to their kindred was a tope. Neither in these Records nor in the Life is the distance stated, but in the "Fang-chih", Bhavya stri sex video, Magadha, that is, Rajagaha, is li to the south of VaiSili. She is of good character and spends her time serving her hero passing through every circumstance sincerely.
Krishna is considered to be an Avatara of V ishnu. But it is. The ancient vedic worship of Narayana or Vishnu, Bhavya stri sex video.
The oilhodox Vaishnavite as already pointed out believes that they were revealed by B hagavan Narayana Himself. By Bhavya stri sex video God, Him alone who is the source of all activities of all beings and who pervades everything in the Universe, man attains perfection through the fulfilment of his duties, Bhavya stri sex video. A journey of 50 or 60 li to the north-west of the city brought one to a great tope.
There were few Buddhists, and the monasteries were above ten in number, the Brethren of which, less than in number, were students and adherents of both the "Great and Little Vehicles". This tope. Besides this she is respectful, but occasionally articulates angrily and becomes impolite to her lover. YogaPada iii.
The latter, which is evidently wrong, was apparently I Chang-a-han-ching, ch.